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| From: Carlberg et al. 2016 (see abstract below). |
The Latest Statistics on Thyroid Cancer inwards the U.S.
The National Cancer Institute (NCI) estimates that 53,990 novel cases of thyroid cancer volition live on diagnosed inwards 2018 making this the twelfth most mutual cancer inwards the U.S.
Rates for novel thyroid cancer cases have got increased 3.1% per twelvemonth over the terminal x years (on average) based upon an analysis of information from the NCI Surveillance, Epidemiology, together with End Results-9 (SEER-9) cancer registry program, .
The National Cancer Institute (NCI) estimates that 53,990 novel cases of thyroid cancer volition live on diagnosed inwards 2018 making this the twelfth most mutual cancer inwards the U.S.
Rates for novel thyroid cancer cases have got increased 3.1% per twelvemonth over the terminal x years (on average) based upon an analysis of information from the NCI Surveillance, Epidemiology, together with End Results-9 (SEER-9) cancer registry program, .
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| National Cancer Institute: Cancer Stat Facts: Thyroid Cancer https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/thyro.html |
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Siegel D, Li J, Henley SJ, Wilson R, Lunsford RB, Tai E, Van Dyne E. Incidence Rates together with Trends of Pediatric Cancer US 2001–2014. Poster presentation at the American Society of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology Conference, Pittsburgh, PA. May 2-5, 2018.
Centers for Disease Control together with Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
Overview: The Centers for Disease Control together with Prevention evaluated cancer registry information from 48 states together with found that the incidence of thyroid cancer amidst individuals less than 20 years of historic menses increased 4.8% per twelvemonth (on average) from 2001-2014.
Background: Cancer is 1 of the leading disease-related causes of expiry amidst individuals less than 20 years of historic menses inwards the United States. Recent evaluations of national trends of pediatric cancer used information from earlier 2010, or covered less than or equal to 28% of the US population.
Objectives: This study describes pediatric cancer incidence rates together with trends past times using the most recent together with comprehensive cancer registry information available inwards the US.
Design/Method: Data from US Cancer Statistics were used to evaluate cancer incidence rates together with trends amidst individuals aged <20 years during 2001–2014. Data were from 48 states together with covered 98% of the US population. We assessed trends past times calculating average annual percent alter (AAPC) inwards rates using joinpoint regression. Rates together with trends were stratified past times sex, age, race/ethnicity, US Census region, county-based economical status, together with county-based rural/urban classification, together with cancer type, every bit grouped past times the International Classification of Childhood Cancer (ICCC).
Results: We identified 196,200 cases of pediatric cancer during 2001–2014. The overall cancer incidence charge per unit of measurement was 173.0 per 1 million; incidence rates were highest for leukemia (45.6), encephalon tumors (30.8), together with lymphoma (26.0). Rates were highest amidst males, aged 0–4 years, non-Hispanic whites, the Northeast US Census region, the transcend 25% of counties past times economical status, together with metropolitan counties. The overall pediatric cancer incidence charge per unit of measurement increased (AAPC=0.7, 95% CI, 0.5–0.8) during 2001–2014 together with contained no joinpoints. Rates increased inwards each stratum of sex, age, race/ethnicity (except non-Hispanic American Indian/Alaska Native), region, economical status, together with rural/urban classification.
Rates were stable for most private cancer types, but increased for non-Hodgkin lymphomas except Burkitt lymphoma (ICCC grouping II(b), AAPC=1.2, 95% CI, 0.4–2.0), central nervous organisation neoplasms (group III, AAPC=0.4, 95% CI, 0.1–0.8), renal tumors (group VI, AAPC=0.6, 95% CI, 0.1–1.1), hepatic tumors (group VII, AAPC=2.5, 95% CI, 1.0–4.0), and thyroid carcinomas (group XI(b), AAPC=4.8, 95% CI, 4.2–5.5). Rates of malignant melanoma decreased (group XI (d), AAPC=-2.6, 95% CI, -4.7– -0.4).
Conclusion: This study documents increased rates of pediatric cancer during 2001–2014, inwards each of the demographic variables examined. Increased overall rates of hepatic cancer together with decreased rates of melanoma are novel findings using information since 2010. Next steps inwards addressing changing rates could include investigation of diagnostic together with reporting standards, host biologic factors, environmental exposures, or potential interventions for reducing cancer risk. Increasing pediatric cancer incidence rates may take away changes related to handling together with survivorship attention capacity.
Dec 26, 2017
Trends inwards Thyroid Cancer Incidence together with Mortality inwards the United States, 1974-2013
H Lim, SS Devesa, JA Sosa,et al D Check,CM Kitahara, Trends inwards Thyroid Cancer Incidence together with Mortality inwards the United States, 1974-2013. JAMA. Published online March 31, 2017. doi:10.1001/jama.2017.2719
Key Points
Question: What have got been the trends inwards US thyroid cancer incidence together with mortality, together with have got they differed past times tumor characteristics at diagnosis?
Findings: In this analysis of 77,276 thyroid cancer patients diagnosed during 1974-2013 together with of 2,371 thyroid cancer deaths during 1994-2013, average annual increases inwards incidence together with mortality rates, respectively, were 3.6% together with 1.1% overall together with 2.4% together with 2.9% for patients diagnosed amongst advanced-stage papillary thyroid cancer.
Meaning: Thyroid cancer incidence together with mortality rates have got increased for patients diagnosed amongst advanced-stage papillary thyroid cancer inwards the US since 1974, suggesting a truthful increment inwards the occurrence of thyroid cancer.
Abstract
Importance: Thyroid cancer incidence has increased substantially inwards the US over the terminal 4 decades, driven largely past times increases inwards papillary thyroid cancer. It is unclear whether the increasing incidence of papillary thyroid cancer has been related to thyroid cancer mortality trends.
Objective: To compare trends inwards thyroid cancer incidence together with mortality past times tumor characteristics at diagnosis.
Design, Setting, together with Participants: Trends inwards thyroid cancer incidence together with incidence-based mortality rates were evaluated using information from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, together with End Results-9 (SEER-9) cancer registry program, together with annual percent alter inwards rates was calculated using log-linear regression.
Exposure: Tumor characteristics.
Main Outcomes together with Measures: Annual percent changes inwards age-adjusted thyroid cancer incidence together with incidence-based mortality rates past times histologic type together with SEER phase for cases diagnosed during 1974-2013.
Results: Among 77, 276 patients (mean [SD] historic menses at diagnosis, 48 [16] years; 58 213 [75%] women) diagnosed amongst thyroid cancer from 1974-2013, papillary thyroid cancer was the most mutual histologic type (64 625 cases), together with 2371 deaths from thyroid cancer occurred during 1994-2013. Thyroid cancer incidence increased, on average, 3.6% per twelvemonth (95% CI, 3.2%-3.9%) during 1974-2013 (from 4.56 per 100 000 person-years inwards 1974-1977 to 14.42 per 100 000 person-years inwards 2010-2013), primarily related to increases inwards papillary thyroid cancer (annual percent change, 4.4% [95% CI, 4.0%-4.7%]). Papillary thyroid cancer incidence increased for all SEER stages at diagnosis (4.6% per twelvemonth for localized, 4.3% per twelvemonth for regional, 2.4% per twelvemonth for distant, 1.8% per twelvemonth for unknown). During 1994-2013, incidence-based mortality increased 1.1% per twelvemonth (95% CI, 0.6%-1.6%) (from 0.40 per 100 000 person-years inwards 1994-1997 to 0.46 per 100 000 person-years inwards 2010-2013) overall together with 2.9% per twelvemonth (95% CI, 1.1%-4.7%) for SEER distant phase papillary thyroid cancer.
Conclusions together with Relevance: Among patients inwards the US diagnosed amongst thyroid cancer from 1974-2013, the overall incidence of thyroid cancer increased 3% annually, amongst increases inwards the incidence charge per unit of measurement together with thyroid cancer mortality charge per unit of measurement for advanced-stage papillary thyroid cancer. These findings are consistent amongst a truthful increment inwards the occurrence of thyroid cancer inwards the United States.
Korea's Thyroid-Cancer “Epidemic” — Screening together with Overdiagnosis (and wireless telephone use?)
November 5, 2014
According to today's number of the New England Journal of Medicine, Republic of Korea has experienced a thyroid cancer epidemic inwards recent years (see newspaper together with Figure below).
"Thyroid cancer is at nowadays the most mutual type of cancer diagnosed inwards South Korea."The authors of this newspaper attribute the "epidemic" to a government-sponsored cancer screening program. As evidence, they report,
"There was a strong correlation betwixt the proportion of the population screened inwards a part inwards 2008 together with 2009 together with the regional incidence of thyroid cancer inwards 2009. Although the aggregate correlation could live on vulnerable to the ecologic fallacy, the finding of meaning positive correlations inwards each of 8 age- together with sex-based groups suggests that the finding is to a greater extent than robust."
That widespread screening identifies to a greater extent than cancer is non surprising. This could at to the lowest degree partly explicate the increasing incidence of thyroid cancer observed inwards South Korea, together with nine other countries including the U.S.
The authors scrap that most of these cancers are non life-threatening together with advise other countries against widespread screening for thyroid cancer:
"The sense amongst thyroid-cancer screening inwards Republic of Korea should serve every bit a cautionary tale for the ease of the world. During the past times 2 decades, multiple countries have got had a substantial increment inwards thyroid-cancer incidence without a concomitant increment inwards mortality. According to the Cancer Incidence inwards Five Continents database maintained past times the International Agency for Research on Cancer, the charge per unit of measurement of thyroid-cancer detection has to a greater extent than than doubled inwards France, Italy, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Israel, China, Australia, Canada, together with the United States. The South Korean sense suggests that these countries are seeing exactly the tip of the thyroid-cancer iceberg — together with that if they want to forestall their ain “epidemic,” they volition demand to discourage early on thyroid-cancer detection."
I'm non sure enough the response is to exactly ignore these cancers, but I don't want to address that debate here.
Rather, I would similar to focus on the enquiry why has thyroid cancer travel so prevalent inwards at to the lowest degree x nations? According to the American Cancer Society, although some thyroid cancers are linked to exposure to ionizing radiation, "the exact motion of most thyroid cancers is non yet known."
Could exposure to the electromagnetic radiations (RF together with ELF) emitted past times jail energy cell phones together with cordless phones live on contributing to this worldwide thyroid cancer epidemic? Isn't fourth dimension for our regime to fund inquiry on the opportunity factors underlying this epidemic?
Hyeong Sik Ahn, Hyun Jung Kim, H. Gilbert Welch. Korea's Thyroid-Cancer “Epidemic” — Screening together with Overdiagnosis. northward Engl J Med 2014; 371:1765-1767 November 6, 2014DOI: 10.1056/NEJMp1409841
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Is mobile telephone usage contributing to increased incidence of thyroid cancer?
July 9, 2014
The incidence of thyroid cancer has been increasing chop-chop inwards recent years inwards many countries including the U.S., Canada, together with Israel.
A headline inwards Haaretz a twelvemonth agone March reads, "Israeli scientists discovery possible link betwixt cellphone use, thyroid cancer."
In response to questions posed to me on this topic today from several individuals, I did a PubMed search. Although I did non discovery whatsoever epidemiologic studies that examined the association betwixt mobile telephone usage together with thyroid cancer inwards humans, I found almost a dozen published papers that have got studied the effects of jail energy cell telephone radiations on thyroid function. Apparently, case-control inquiry on this topic is warranted.
The abstracts from eleven published papers that examined the effects of exposure to jail energy cell telephone radiations on thyroid business office appear below. Please allow me know if y'all are aware of of import studies that I missed, together with I volition supplement this list. I did non include studies that examined exposure to powerfulness frequency radiation.
But first, hither is the 2013 tidings article ...
Israeli scientists discovery possible link betwixt cellphone use, thyroid cancer
Dan Even, Haaretz, Mar 6, 2013
Israeli scientists have got reported preliminary findings of a possible link betwixt the radiations from cellphones together with thyroid cancer. There has been a steep ascent inwards rates of thyroid cancer inwards recent years inwards Western countries.
The Israeli research, conducted at Beilinson Hospital inwards Petah Tikva together with at Tel Aviv University, identified evidence for the firstly fourth dimension of the possible connectedness betwixt the ascent inwards thyroid cancer cases to the increased exposure to radiations emitted past times cellphones.
In 1 experiment, human thyroid cells collected from good for y'all patients were subjected to radiations amongst a device, designed for the study, that simulates the electromagnetic radiations emitted past times cellphones. The irradiated thyroid cells proliferated at a much higher, statistically meaning charge per unit of measurement than non-irradiated cells inwards the command group. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 2d experiment, using unlike methods together with materials, gave similar results.
The inquiry was conducted inwards the Felsenstein Medical Research Center, percentage of the Sackler Faculty of Medicine at Tel Aviv University together with the Rabin Medical Center. Prof. Raphael Feinmesser, caput of Beilinson’s Ear, Nose together with Throat Department was the atomic number 82 researcher. The findings volition live on presented for the firstly fourth dimension this weekend at the annual conference of the Israeli Society of Otolaryngology, Head together with Neck Surgery, inwards Eilat.
“The findings are the firstly evidence of changes inwards thyroid cells inwards response to electromagnetic radiation,” said Feinmesser. “But drawing sweeping conclusions every bit to a connectedness betwixt cellphone radiations together with thyroid cancer is soundless far off.”
The scientific community is divided every bit to the connectedness betwixt cellular radiations together with cancer. One sentiment is that because cellular radiations is non-ionizing together with incapable of causing changes inwards cellular DNA, it cannot motion cancer. But inwards recent years evidence has mounted from epidemiological studies indicating a human relationship betwixt increased exposure to cellular radiations together with cancerous growths, especially inwards the encephalon together with the salivary glands.
“The thyroid gland is located inwards the neck, but the surface area is located the same distance from the ear every bit the regions of the encephalon where [cancerous] growths have got been diagnosed every bit existence related to the usage of the [cellular] devices. This is a part that is non far from the pump of the device’s radiation,” said Feinmesser.
The incidence of thyroid cancer has been on the ascent inwards State of Israel for to a greater extent than than a decade, which matches the ascent inwards the usage of cellphones. Thyroid cancer is 3 times to a greater extent than mutual inwards women than men. It is the 4th most mutual cast of cancer amidst Jewish women inwards Israel, at 16.6 cases per 100,000 people. The 3 most mutual forms of cancer for women are cancer of the breast, colon together with cervix. Among Israeli Arab women the charge per unit of measurement of thyroid cancer is 11.6 cases per 100,000, together with it is the tertiary most mutual cancer. From 1990 to 2007 at that spot was a 67-percent ascent inwards thyroid cancer rates amidst Jewish women, together with a 250 percent increment amidst Arab women, Health Ministry figures show. For men, the ascent from 2000 is to a greater extent than moderate, but soundless shows a 41 percent increment inwards thyroid cancer rates for Jewish men.
“One of the explanations is that the ascent is related to ameliorate technical methods of early on detection of these growths, which have got been developed inwards recent years. But other inquiry shows that fifty-fifty after neutralizing this influence a ascent inwards these growths soundless remains,” said Feinmesser.
Just this calendar week it was reported that mobile operator Partner Communications (Orange ) reached a village amongst a client who claims he contracted cancer after using the company’s cellphones. The customer, who is inwards his 50s, sued Partner inwards May, claiming that intensive usage of the device resulted inwards an aggressive lymphoma close his left ear. Partner agreed to pay NIS 400,000 inwards an out-of-court settlement.”
http://bit.ly/14rrWfA
Recent Studies
Baby NM, Koshy G, Mathew A. The consequence of electromagnetic radiations due to mobile telephone usage on thyroid business office inwards medical students studying inwards a medical college inwards South India. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2017 Nov-Dec;21(6):797-802.
Abstract
Background: Enormous increment inwards mobile telephone usage throughout the ground raises widespread concerns nigh its possible detrimental consequence on human health. Radiofrequency waves are emitted past times jail energy cell phones. They are non-ionising together with the consequence on the thyroid gland is percentage of their non thermal effects. The thyroid gland may live on especially vulnerable to this consequence because of its normal anatomical position.
Materials together with Methods: The study was done to explore the association betwixt radiations exposure together with thyroid dysfunction amidst mobile telephone users. It had an exploratory blueprint together with unit of measurement survey method to collect information from all medical students inwards a medical college inwards South India. Inclusion criteria included active usage of mobile telephone prior to together with during the study period. Criteria for exclusion was presence of pre-existsting thyroid disease,thyroid nodule,thyroid goitre/nodule together with altered thyroid function.
Results: The sample size was 83 undergraduate students. 71% of respondents had no household unit of measurement history of thyroid illness. Among the remainder,20.5% had a firstly flat relative amongst thyroid dysfunction,8.4% had a 2d flat relative affected. Clinical exam revealed that 79.5% of the respondents were normal,13.6% had thyroid swelling,3.6% had symptoms of thyroid dysfunction together with 3.6% had both thyroid swelling together with symptoms of thyroid dysfunction. 53% of the respondents spent 0.5 hrs on an average talking on the telephone daily,28.9% spent 1.5 hrs daily together with 10.8% of respondents spent over 3.5 hours. We found at that spot was a meaning correlation betwixt total radiations exposure together with an increment inwards TSH amidst both groups -in those amongst together with without household unit of measurement history of thyroid illness.
Conclusion: In our study at that spot was a meaning correlation betwixt total radiations exposure together with increasing TSH values amidst both all respondents.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5729662/
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Silva V, Hilly O, Strenov Y, Tzabari C, Hauptman Y, Feinmesser R. Effect of jail energy cell phone-like electromagnetic radiations on primary human thyroid cells. Int J Radiat Biol. 2016;92(2):107-15. Epub 2015 December 21.
Abstract
PURPOSE: To evaluate the potential carcinogenic effects of radiofrequency loose energy (RFE) emitted past times jail energy cell phones on human thyroid primary cells.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: Primary thyroid jail energy cell civilization was prepared from normal thyroid tissue obtained from patients who underwent operation at our department. Subconfluent thyroid cells were irradiated nether unlike atmospheric condition within a jail energy cell incubator using a device that simulates jail energy cell phone-RFE. Proliferation of command together with irradiated cells was assessed past times the immunohistochemical staining of antigen Kiel clone-67 (Ki-67) together with tumor suppressor p53 (p53) expression. deoxyribonucleic acid ploidy together with the stress biomarkers estrus daze poly peptide seventy (HSP70) together with reactive oxygen species (ROS) was evaluated past times fluorescence-activated jail energy cell sorting (FACS).
RESULTS: Our cells highly expressed thyroglobulin (Tg) together with sodium-iodide symporter (NIS) confirming the rootage of the tissue. None of the irradiation atmospheric condition evaluated hither had an consequence neither on the proliferation mark Ki-67 nor on p53 expression. deoxyribonucleic acid ploidy was also non affected past times RFE, every bit good every bit the seem of the biomarkers HSP70 together with ROS.
CONCLUSION: Our atmospheric condition of RFE exposure seem to have got no potential carcinogenic consequence on human thyroid cells. Moreover, mutual biomarkers normally associated to environmental stress also remained unchanged. We failed to discovery an association betwixt jail energy cell phone-RFE together with thyroid cancer. Additional studies are recommended.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26689947
International Agency for Research on Cancer. Overdiagnosis is a major driver of the thyroid cancer epidemic: Up to 50-90% of thyroid cancers inwards women inwards high-income countries estimated to live on overdiagnoses. Press Release No. 246. August 18, 2016. http://www.iarc.fr/en/media-centre/pr/2016/pdfs/pr246_E.pdf
Abstract
PURPOSE: To evaluate the potential carcinogenic effects of radiofrequency loose energy (RFE) emitted past times jail energy cell phones on human thyroid primary cells.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: Primary thyroid jail energy cell civilization was prepared from normal thyroid tissue obtained from patients who underwent operation at our department. Subconfluent thyroid cells were irradiated nether unlike atmospheric condition within a jail energy cell incubator using a device that simulates jail energy cell phone-RFE. Proliferation of command together with irradiated cells was assessed past times the immunohistochemical staining of antigen Kiel clone-67 (Ki-67) together with tumor suppressor p53 (p53) expression. deoxyribonucleic acid ploidy together with the stress biomarkers estrus daze poly peptide seventy (HSP70) together with reactive oxygen species (ROS) was evaluated past times fluorescence-activated jail energy cell sorting (FACS).
RESULTS: Our cells highly expressed thyroglobulin (Tg) together with sodium-iodide symporter (NIS) confirming the rootage of the tissue. None of the irradiation atmospheric condition evaluated hither had an consequence neither on the proliferation mark Ki-67 nor on p53 expression. deoxyribonucleic acid ploidy was also non affected past times RFE, every bit good every bit the seem of the biomarkers HSP70 together with ROS.
CONCLUSION: Our atmospheric condition of RFE exposure seem to have got no potential carcinogenic consequence on human thyroid cells. Moreover, mutual biomarkers normally associated to environmental stress also remained unchanged. We failed to discovery an association betwixt jail energy cell phone-RFE together with thyroid cancer. Additional studies are recommended.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26689947
Note: This study did non expose the jail energy cell samples to jail energy cell telephone radiation. The RFE exposure inwards this simulation did non resemble jail energy cell telephone radiation.
"Subconfluent thyroid cells were irradiated ... using a device consisting of a Radio Frequency (RF) generator (Fluke 60602A, manufactured past times Fluke, Everett, WA) together with an RF powerfulness amplifier (EMPower 7044, Holbrook, NY). The RF generator, located exterior the incubator, was laid to the desired powerfulness together with connected to the powerfulness amplifier, which was connected to a panel antenna that was fixed within the incubator."
"... an antenna was placed within the jail energy cell incubator together with laid at 900 or 895 MHz together with lxxx or 210 μW/cm2 to simulate the radiations emitted past times mobile phones."
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International Agency for Research on Cancer. Overdiagnosis is a major driver of the thyroid cancer epidemic: Up to 50-90% of thyroid cancers inwards women inwards high-income countries estimated to live on overdiagnoses. Press Release No. 246. August 18, 2016. http://www.iarc.fr/en/media-centre/pr/2016/pdfs/pr246_E.pdf
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Lu M, W XY. Study of specific absorption charge per unit of measurement (SAR) induced inwards human endocrine glands for using mobile phones. IEEE Asia-Pacific International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility (APEMC), 2016.: 1084-1086. (Journal non peer-reviewed)
Abstract
With the quick evolution together with widespread usage of mobile phones has led to a rising business concern nigh the possible adverse wellness effects of radio frequency electromagnetic champaign exposure. This study aims to acquaint the dosimetry analysis of the electromagnetic fields induced past times mobile telephone on human endocrine glands. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method was employed to calculate the specific absorption charge per unit of measurement (SAR) inwards a realistic human head-neck model from exposure to a generic handset at 1750 MHz. The results demo that the locally induced SAR inwards thyroid gland is much larger than that inwards both hypophysis together with hypothalamus glands. The induced SAR inwards thyroid for the mobile inwards brusk message service (SMS) seat is much larger than that inwards the phonation position. However, inwards all of the examined cases, the SAR values inwards endocrine glands are all below the IEEE security standard.
Conclusion
In this work, SAR depositions inwards realistic human endocrine glands have got been analysed when they were exposed to the electromagnetic radiations from a mobile phone. It was found the induced SAR inwards thyroid gland is much larger than that inwards hypophysis together with hypothalamus glands when the mobile was placed inwards both phonation together with SMS positions. Although the induced SAR inwards the human endocrine glands are below the IEEE security standard, long-term usage of mobile amongst the higher flat SAR absorption inwards thyroid gland may live on a opportunity factor associated amongst several thyroid disorders.
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?arnumber=7522951
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?arnumber=7522951
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Carlberg M, Hedendahl L, Ahonen, Koppel T, Hardell L. Increasing incidence of thyroid cancer inwards the Nordic countries amongst primary focus on Swedish data. BMC Cancer. 16:246. 2016.
Abstract
Background: Radiofrequency radiations inwards the frequency hit xxx kHz–300 GHz was evaluated to live on Group 2B, i.e. ‘possibly’ carcinogenic to humans, past times the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) at WHO inwards May 2011. Among the evaluated devices were mobile together with cordless phones, since they emit radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF). In improver to the brain, some other organ, the thyroid gland, also receives high exposure. The incidence of thyroid cancer is increasing inwards many countries, especially the papillary type that is the most radiosensitive type.
Methods: We used the Swedish Cancer Register to study the incidence of thyroid cancer during 1970–2013 using joinpoint regression analysis.
Results: In women, the incidence increased statistically significantly during the whole study period; average annual pct alter (AAPC) +1.19 % (95 % confidence interval (CI) +0.56, +1.83 %). Two joinpoints were detected, 1979 together with 2001, amongst a high increment of the incidence during the terminal menses 2001–2013 amongst an annual pct alter (APC) of +5.34 % (95 % CI +3.93, +6.77 %). AAPC for all men during 1970–2013 was +0.77 % (95 % CI −0.03, +1.58 %). One joinpoint was detected inwards 2005 amongst a statistically meaning increment inwards incidence during 2005–2013; APC +7.56 % (95 % CI +3.34, +11.96 %). Based on NORDCAN data, at that spot was a statistically meaning increment inwards the incidence of thyroid cancer inwards the Nordic countries during the same fourth dimension period. In both women together with men a joinpoint was detected inwards 2006. The incidence increased during 2006–2013 inwards women; APC +6.16 % (95 % CI +3.94, +8.42 %) together with inwards men; APC +6.84 % (95 % CI +3.69, +10.08 %), thus showing similar results every bit the Swedish Cancer Register. Analyses based on information from the Cancer Register showed that the increasing tendency inwards Sweden was mainly caused past times thyroid cancer of the papillary type.
Conclusions: We postulate that the whole increment cannot live on attributed to ameliorate diagnostic procedures. Increasing exposure to ionizing radiation, e.g. medical computed tomography (CT) scans, together with to RF-EMF (non-ionizing radiation) should live on farther studied. The blueprint of our study does non permit conclusions regarding causality.
Silva V, Hilly O, Strenov Y, Tzabari C, Hauptman Y, Feinmesser R. Effect of jail energy cell phone-like electromagnetic radiations on primary human thyroid cells. Int J Radiat Biol. 92(2):107-115. 2016.
My comments: The exposures inwards this study were real depression every bit the maximum SAR was 0.170 W/kg. The exposures inwards the 3 experimental atmospheric condition ranged from 895 to 900 Mhz, lxxx to 210 μW/cm2 power density, together with 0.082 to 0.170 W/kg SAR.
Abstract
Purpose: To evaluate the potential carcinogenic effects of radiofrequency loose energy (RFE) emitted past times jail energy cell phones on human thyroid primary cells.
Materials together with methods: Primary thyroid jail energy cell civilization was prepared from normal thyroid tissue obtained from patients who underwent operation at our department. Subconfluent thyroid cells were irradiated nether unlike atmospheric condition within a jail energy cell incubator using a device that simulates jail energy cell phone-RFE. Proliferation of command together with irradiated cells was assessed past times the immunohistochemical staining of antigen Kiel clone-67 (Ki-67) together with tumor suppressor p53 (p53) expression. deoxyribonucleic acid ploidy together with the stress biomarkers estrus daze poly peptide seventy (HSP70) together with reactive oxygen species (ROS) was evaluated past times fluorescence-activated jail energy cell sorting (FACS).
Results: Our cells highly expressed thyroglobulin (Tg) together with sodium-iodide symporter (NIS) confirming the rootage of the tissue. None of the irradiation atmospheric condition evaluated hither had an consequence neither on the proliferation mark Ki-67 nor on p53 expression. deoxyribonucleic acid ploidy was also non affected past times RFE, every bit good every bit the seem of the biomarkers HSP70 together with ROS.
Conclusion: Our atmospheric condition of RFE exposure seem to have got no potential carcinogenic consequence on human thyroid cells. Moreover, mutual biomarkers normally associated to environmental stress also remained unchanged. We failed to discovery an association betwixt jail energy cell phone-RFE together with thyroid cancer. Additional studies are recommended.
Conclusions
We hither study that unlike evaluated RFE exposure atmospheric condition have got no potential carcinogenic consequence on thyroid cells. Proliferation together with cellular deoxyribonucleic acid integrity, 2 major players inwards cancer evolution together with progression were non affected inwards our conditions. Moreover, mutual biomarkers that are normally associated amongst environmental stress also remained unchanged after RFE irradiation. Among the limitations of our piece of work nosotros consider that fifty-fifty though measurements of extremely depression frequency interference were considerably low, the stray magnetic fields emitted past times the instruments used inwards the study may have got had a confounder consequence on our results. On the other hand, unlike atmospheric condition of fourth dimension together with frequencies of exposure should live on farther explored inwards club to completely cross out a deleterious consequence of RFE on thyroid cells. In summary, the increment of both, thyroid cancer together with cellular telephone usage calls the attending to farther investigate the potential effects that chronic usage of mobile phones mightiness have got on the thyroid gland.http://1.usa.gov/1QKkvx9
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Hilly O, Silva V, Mizrachi A, Ariel O, Raiter A, Hauptman Y, Hardy B, Feinmesser R. Effect of non-ionizing electromagnetic radiations at mobile telephone frequency on human thyroid cells. Abstract from World Thyroid Cancer Congress, Toronto, 2013.
Background/Purpose: The aim of this study was to examine the consequence of non-ionizing electromagnetic radiations (NIER) at mobile telephone frequency on human thyroid cells.
Methods: We cultured samples of normal thyroid tissue together with afterward exposed the cultured thyrocytes to NIER for 3 hours. NIER effects were evaluated inwards price of proliferation using a jail energy cell viability assay together with immunohistochemistry.
Results: We found that NIER exposure for 3 hours has atomic number 82 to an increased proliferation of thyrocytes inwards jail energy cell viability assay (p=0.007). This outcome was confirmed past times immunohistochemistry amongst antibodies against Ki67.
Discussion & Conclusion: In this study nosotros acquaint for the firstly fourth dimension an inwards vitro evaluation of NIER effects on human thyroid cells. Our results propose a proliferative consequence of NIER on human thyrocytes, an consequence that may link NIER exposure amongst potential carcinogenesis.
http://thyroidworldcongress.
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Exposure to non-ionizing radiations provokes changes inwards rat thyroid morphology together with seem of HSP-90
Misa-Agustiño MJ, Jorge-Mora T, Jorge-Barreiro FJ, Suarez-Quintanilla J, Moreno-Piquero E, Ares-Pena FJ, López-MartÃn E.Exposure to non-ionizing radiations provokes changes inwards rat thyroid morphology together with seem of HSP-90. Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2015 February 2.
Abstract
Non-ionizing radiations at 2.45 GHz may modify the morphology together with seem of genes that codify estrus daze proteins (HSP) inwards the thyroid gland. Diathermy is the therapeutic application of non-ionizing radiations to humans for its beneficial effects inwards rheumatological together with musculo-skeletal hurting processes.
We used a diathermy model on laboratory rats subjected to maximum exposure inwards the left forepart leg, inwards club to study the effects of radiations on the nearby thyroid tissue. Fifty-six rats were individually exposed 1 time or repeatedly (10 times inwards 2 weeks) for 30 min to 2.45 GHz radiations inwards a commercial bedroom at unlike non-thermal specific absorption rates (SARs), which were calculated using the finite divergence fourth dimension domain technique. We used immunohistochemistry methods to study the seem of HSP-90 together with morphological changes inwards thyroid gland tissues.
Ninety minutes after radiations amongst the highest SAR, the primal together with peripheral follicles presented increased size together with the thickness of the peripheral septa had decreased. Twenty-four hours after radiation, only peripheral follicles radiated at 12 W were found to live on smaller. Peripheral follicles increased inwards size amongst repeated exposure at 3 W power.
Morphological changes inwards the thyroid tissue may signal a glandular response to needlelike or repeated stress from radiations inwards the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis. Further inquiry is needed to decide if the consequence of this physical agent over fourth dimension may motion illness inwards the human thyroid gland.
http://1.usa.gov/1Fb1Ykz
Excerpts
The thyroid gland is 1 of the most superficial vital organs together with mayhap to a greater extent than vulnerable to EMFs.7 Chronic exposure to microwaves at a RF of 2.45 GHz has been shown to significantly conduct on the hypothalamus–pituitary–thyroid (HPT) axis, provoking changes inwards trunk temperature, behavior, together with thyroid hormone concentrations.8 Alterations inwards human together with beast levels of thyroid stimulating hormone together with other thyroid hormones have got also been reported amongst chronic exposure to frequencies used inwards mobile telephones, such every bit 900 MHz.
Heat daze poly peptide (HSP) xc is a chaperone poly peptide regulating several client proteins involved inwards thyroid cancer evolution together with the flat of seem is higher than inwards normal tissues. This chaperone has emerged every bit an exciting target inwards the evolution of cancer chemotherapeutics.11,12 Recently, nosotros discovered that repeated, needlelike subthermal radiations for 30 min at 2.45 GHz tin lavatory alter cellular stress levels inwards rat hypothalamus13 together with thyroid gland,14 without initially altering apoptotic capacity. Surprisingly, inwards spite of frequent direct together with indirect exposure to non-ionizing radiations inwards human environments together with indications that radiations provokes a flat of stress inwards thyroid cells, at that spot is real piffling inquiry describing morphological changes that dot to precocious re-adjustments of the mammalian thyroid gland after close-range exposure to non-ionizing radiations at 2.45 GHz.
Group A: unmarried exposure together with studied after 90 min (n = 18): The rats were divided into 3 subgroups (n = 6); each rat was exposed to 30 mina of microwave radiations at 3 levels: 0 (control), 3, together with 12 W.b The rats were kept live on for 90 minc together with so euthanized together with perfused amongst fixative.
Group B: unmarried exposure together with studied after 24 h (n = 18): The rats were divided into 3 subgroups (n = 6); each rat was exposed to 30 min of microwave radiations at 3 levels: 0 (control), 3, together with 12 W.b The rats were kept live on for 24 hc together with so euthanized together with perfused amongst fixative.
Group C: repeated exposure together with studied after 90 min (n = 20): Rats inwards this grouping were irradiated at 3 W for 30 min/day, for a total of 10 times inwards a two-week period. On the terminal twenty-four hr menses of exposure, the rats were irradiated together with after 90 min were euthanized together with perfused amongst fixative. They were so tested for HSP-90 expression. In the non-irradiated command grouping (n = 10), rats were immobilized for each of the 10 sessions together with euthanized on the terminal day, next the same protocol every bit the irradiated animals.
... nosotros found that the interaction of non-ionizing radiations at a frequency of 2.45 GHz caused modifications inwards the morphology of the thyroid gland tissue together with inwards the distribution of the constituent cellular stress poly peptide known every bit HSP-90. The morphology of the thyroid gland underwent the next changes due to radiation:
The size of primal together with peripheral follicles increased together with the thickness of the peripheral septa decreased 90 min after unmarried exposure. After 24 h, primal follicles had decreased inwards size, but hypertrophy was soundless acquaint inwards the peripheral follicles of thyroid gland exposed to the higher SAR level.
Repeated stimulus of the thyroid gland at the lower SAR flat triggered adaptation together with an increment inwards the size of peripheral follicles.
The observed localization of the seem of this poly peptide inwards the supportive tissue of the septa, specifically inwards the fibers together with inwards the capsular together with lobular membranes suggests that this stress poly peptide constitutes an of import factor of glandular architecture together with is in all likelihood dedicated to maintaining glandular construction together with morphology. The distribution of HSP-90 inwards thyroid membranes together with cells was diminished after unmarried (if the SAR together with fourth dimension after radiations increased) together with repeated exposure to radiation.
Our piece of work describes for the firstly fourth dimension the effects of unmarried together with repeated exposure to 2.45 GHz RF on the morphology of Sprague-Dawley rat thyroid gland. Published studies to appointment have got described histopathological alterations inwards thyroid tissue of experimental animals exposed to extremely depression frequency (ELF) (50 Hz) or inwards thyroid hormone levels inwards humans or animals exposed at ELF or RF.
We chose to experimentally examine little animals at 2.45 GHz RF because of the broad hit of potential applications, from therapeutics to tissue diathermy (this frequency resonates amongst H2O, facilitating greater penetration) to telecommunication involving WIFI, UMTS, or Bluetooth. We used subthermal SAR levels of 0.102 ± 12.10–3 together with 0.429 ± 12.10–3 W/kg at 2.45 GHz inwards the correct forepart leg, close the thyroid, to ensure that the non-ionizing radiations would non motion direct thermal effects to the gland. Research of this type requires immobilization of the animal, which itself has been found to generate a sure enough amount of stress. It must also live on noted that radiations tin lavatory catalyze unmarried or repetitive activation of unlike neuron populations inwards rat hypothalamus, which intervene inwards the HPT axis. We cannot hence assume that the effects of non-ionizing radiations to the thyroid are limited to its tissues; it must live on treated every bit percentage of a organisation amongst multiple, interacting entry points. Other studies have got described how microwave radiations at 2.45 GHz affects encephalon physiopathology together with provokes changes inwards cerebral performance together with behavior. In the acquaint study, the thyroid organisation is direct or indirectly affected past times alterations inwards the HPT axis every bit good every bit past times biochemical changes inwards the thyroid itself due to exposure to microwaves.
Recent inquiry has described how EMFs tin lavatory constitute external sources for the formation of costless radicals inwards blood cells, the brain, spermatozoids,and myocardial tissue. The thyroid gland is past times nature an oxidative organ, together with when additional oxidative abuse is caused past times exogenous pro-oxidants (ionizing radiations would live on the most significant), harm to the macromolecules inwards the gland increases, mayhap leading to thyroid pathology or cancer. In spite of this, a direct relation betwixt thyroid cancer together with exposure to EMFs has non yet been established. However, the search is ongoing for biomarkers inwards thyroid diseases that would brand early on detection, diagnosis, together with intervention possible. HSP-90 is physiologically essential inwards cellular processes such every bit hormone signaling together with control, proliferation, together with differentiation of the cellular cycle. In prior studies, nosotros described a decrease inwards HSP-90 together with seventy due to needlelike radiations at 2.45 GHz inwards the thyroid gland, amongst no apparent consequence inwards the apoptotic activity of thyroid cells. HSP-90 is known to play a modulatory role against thyroid cancer due to its primarily antiapoptotic function. In the acquaint work, nosotros have got observed how, after 30 min exposure, the immunoreactivity of HSP-90 is histologically distributed throughout the thyroid gland inwards places where kinase proteins had previously been activated, between the capsular together with lobular membranes together with inwards the follicular together with parafollicular cells.---
... cellular harm inwards the thyroid gland was direct related to the SAR flat and/or number of exposures applied to the tissue.
... In the acquaint experiment, exposure of rat thyroid gland to RF at 2.45 GHz together with 0.102 ± 12.10–3 SAR increased HSP-90 marking inwards the parafollicular cells. However, HSP-90 stress immunomarking decreased inwards the parafollicular cells at 0.429 ± 12.10–3 SAR or amongst repeated exposure (see Figure 7). HSP-90 inwards the parafollicular jail energy cell is sensitive to the nature together with intensity of radiations stimulus, which tin lavatory modify cellular business office together with serve every bit a biomarker for cellular damage.
Thyroid gland exposed to 2.45 GHz radiations inwards this experimental model of diathermy inwards rats presented the next visible morphological effects: (a) glandular hypertrophy inwards relation to the SAR and/or number of exposures; (b) modification of the distribution of HSP-90 associated amongst membranes together with parafollicular cells. These effects mightiness non live on exclusively or direct produced past times radiations together with tin lavatory live on included amongst other indirect effects from the hypothalamus. However, farther inquiry is needed to ascertain whether the continued consequence of this physical agent could provoke pathology inwards the thyroid gland.
K, Sechman A, Nieckarz Z. Plasma thyroid hormones together with corticosterone levels inwards blood of chicken embryos together with transportation service hatch chickens exposed during incubation to 1800 MHz electromagnetic field. Int J Occup Med Environ Health. 2014 January 31.
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: This study attempted to decide the consequence of a 1800 MHz electromagnetic champaign (EMF) (only carrier frequency) on thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3) together with corticosterone (CORT) concentrations inwards the blood plasma of chick embryos, together with to investigate the consequence of electromagnetic champaign (EMF) exposure during embryogenesis on the flat of these hormones inwards birds that are ready for slaughter.
MATERIAL AND METHODS: Throughout the incubation period, embryos from the experimental grouping were exposed to a 1800 MHz EMF amongst powerfulness density of 0.1 W/m2, 10 times during 24 h for 4 min. Blood samples were collected to decide T4, T3 together with CORT concentrations on the twelfth (E12) together with 18th (E18) twenty-four hr menses of incubation, from newly hatched chicks (D1) together with from birds ready for slaughter (D42).
RESULTS: The experiment showed that T4 together with T3 concentrations decreased markedly together with CORT levels increased inwards the embryos together with inwards the newly hatched chicks exposed to EMF during embryogenesis. However, no changes were found inwards the flat of the analyzed hormones inwards the birds ready for slaughter. Differences inwards T4 together with T3 plasma concentrations betwixt the EMF-exposed grouping together with the embryos incubated without additional EMF were the highest inwards the newly hatched chicks, which may live on indicative of the cumulative consequence of electromagnetic champaign on the hypothalamo-pituitary-thyroid axis (HPT).
DISCUSSION: The obtained results propose that additional 1800 MHz radio frequency electromagnetic champaign inhibits business office of HPT axis, however, it stimulates hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis past times inducing adrenal steroidogenic cells to synthesize corticosterone. Further investigations are needed to elucidate the mechanisms past times which radio EMFs conduct on HPT together with HPA axis business office inwards the chicken embryos.
http://1.usa.gov/1e4do9w
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Jin YB, Choi HD, Kim BC, Pack JK, Kim N, Lee YS.Effects of simultaneous combined exposure to CDMA together with WCDMA electromagnetic fields on serum hormone levels inwards rats. J Radiat Res. 2013 May;54(3):430-7. doi: 10.1093/jrr/rrs120.
Abstract
Despite to a greater extent than than a decade of inquiry on the endocrine system, at that spot have got been no published studies nigh the effects of concurrent exposure of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) on this system. The acquaint study investigated the several parameters of the endocrine organisation including melatonin, thyroid stimulating hormone, stress hormone together with sexual practice hormone after code partition multiple access (CDMA, 849 MHz) together with wideband code partition multiple access (WCDMA, 1.95 GHz) signals for simultaneous exposure inwards rats. Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to RF-EMF signals for 45 min/day, five days/week for upwards to 8 weeks. The whole-body average specific absorption charge per unit of measurement (SAR) of CDMA or WCDMA was 2.0 W/kg (total 4.0 W/kg). At 4 together with 8 weeks after the experiment began, each experimental group's xl rats (male 20, woman someone 20) were autopsied. Exposure for 8 weeks to simultaneous CDMA together with WCDMA RF did non conduct on serum levels inwards rats of melatonin, thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), triiodothyronine (T3) together with thyroxin (T4), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) together with sexual practice hormones (testosterone together with estrogen) every bit assessed past times the ELISA method.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
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Dimida A, Ferrarini E, Agretti P, De Marco G, Grasso L, Martinelli M, Longo I, Giulietti D, Ricci A, Galimberti M, Siervo B, Licitra G, Francia F, Pinchera A, Vitti P, Tonacchera M. Electric together with magnetic fields make non modify the biochemical properties of FRTL-5 cells. J Endocrinol Invest. 2011 Mar;34(3):185-9. doi: 10.3275/7107.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Electric together with magnetic fields (EMF) mightiness live on involved inwards human illness together with numerous inquiry together with scientific reviews have got been conducted to address this question. In particular thyroid structural together with functional alterations caused past times diverse forms of non-ionizing radiations have got been described.
AIM: The aim of this study was to analyze the possible effects of EMF on thyroid, inwards particular nosotros analyzed the effects caused past times a GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) signal (900 MHz) on cultured thyroid cells (FRTL- 5).
MATERIAL AND METHODS: The experimental setup was designed inwards club to expose samples to a radiofrequency moving ridge inwards well-controlled conditions. We used the FRTL-5 jail energy cell line, an epithelial monoclonal continuous jail energy cell line derived from Fisher rat thyroid tissue growing every bit monolayer, expressing the TSH receptor together with the sodium-iodide symporter (NIS). FRTL-5 were afterward irradiate for 24, 48, together with 96 h amongst EMF (800-900 MHz, power-frequency of mobile communication systems) together with iodide uptake together with cAMP production were measured.
RESULTS: The irradiation of cells amongst EMF at 900 Mhz for 24, 48, together with 96 h did non influence the flat of cAMP production together with was non able to modify iodide accumulation inwards FRTL- five cells amongst honour to basal conditions.
CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, EMF make non seem to live on able to interfere amongst the biochemical properties of FRTL-5 cells inwards vitro.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
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Esmekaya MA, Seyhan N, Ömeroglu S. Pulse modulated 900 MHz radiations induces hypothyroidism together with apoptosis inwards thyroid cells: a light, electron microscopy together with immunohistochemical study. Int J Radiat Biol. 2010 Dec;86(12):1106-16.
Abstract
PURPOSE: In the acquaint study nosotros investigated the possible histopathological effects of pulse modulated Radiofrequency (RF) fields on the thyroid gland using calorie-free microscopy, electron microscopy together with immunohistochemical methods.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two months old virile someone Wistar rats were exposed to a 900 MHz pulse-modulated RF radiations at a specific absorption charge per unit of measurement (SAR) of 1.35 Watt/kg for 20 min/day for 3 weeks. The RF signals were pulse modulated past times rectangular pulses amongst a repetition frequency of 217 Hz together with a duty wheel of 1:8 (pulse width 0.576 ms). To assess thyroid endocrine disruption together with guess the flat of the pathology of the gland, nosotros analysed structural alterations inwards follicular together with colloidal diameters together with areas, colloid content of the follicles, together with superlative of the follicular epithelium. Apoptosis was confirmed past times Transmission Electron Microscopy together with assessing the activites of an initiator (caspase-9) together with an effector (caspase-3) caspases that are of import markers of cells undergoing apoptosis.
RESULTS: Morphological analyses revealed hypothyrophy of the gland inwards the 900 MHz RF exposure group. The results indicated that thyroid hormone secretion was inhibited past times the RF radiation. In addition, nosotros also observed formation of apoptotic bodies together with increased caspase-3 together with caspase-9 activities inwards thyroid cells of the rats that were exposed to modulated RF fields.
CONCLUSION: The overall findings indicated that whole trunk exposure to pulse-modulated RF radiations that is similar to that emitted past times global organisation for mobile communications (GSM) mobile phones tin lavatory motion pathological changes inwards the thyroid gland past times altering the gland construction together with enhancing caspase-dependent pathways of apoptosis.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
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Milham S. Most cancer inwards firefighters is due to radio-frequency radiations exposure non inhaled carcinogens. Med Hypotheses. 2009 Nov;73(5):788-9. doi: 10.1016/j.mehy.2009.04.020.
Abstract
Recent reviews together with reports of cancer incidence together with mortality inwards firefighters conclude that they are at an increased opportunity of a number of cancers. These include leukemia, multiple myeloma, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, virile someone thorax cancer, malignant melanoma, together with cancers of the brain, stomach, colon, rectum, prostate, urinary bladder, testes, together with thyroid. Firefighters are exposed to a long listing of recognized or likely carcinogens inwards combustion products together with the presumed road of exposure to these carcinogens is past times inhalation. Curiously, respiratory organisation cancers together with diseases are normally non increased inwards firefighters every bit they are inwards workers exposed to known inhaled carcinogens. The listing of cancers amongst increased opportunity inwards firefighters strongly overlaps the listing of cancers at increased opportunity inwards workers exposed to electromagnetic fields (EMF) together with radiofrequency radiations (RFR). Firefighters have got increased exposure to RFR inwards the class of their work, from the mobile two-way radio communications devices which they routinely usage patch fighting fires, together with at times from firehouse together with burn downward vehicle radio transmitters. I propose that some of the increased cancer opportunity inwards firefighters is caused past times RFR exposure, together with is hence preventable. The precautionary regulation should live on applied to trim back the opportunity of cancer inwards firefighters, together with workman's compensation rules volition necessarily demand to live on modified.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
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Mortavazi S, Habib A, Ganj-Karami A, Samimi-Doost R, Pour-Abedi A, Babaie A. Alterations inwards TSH together with thyroid hormones next mobile telephone use. Sultanate of Oman Med J. 2009 Oct;24(4):274-8. doi: 10.5001/omj.2009.56.
Abstract
Objectives: In recent years, the widespread usage of mobile phones has atomic number 82 to a world debate nigh possible detrimental effects on human health. In spite of years of research, at that spot is soundless a peachy disputation regarding the possibility of induction of whatsoever meaning physiological effects inwards humans past times microwave radiations emitted past times mobile phones. This study aims to investigate the effects of electromagnetic fields induced past times the Global System for Mobile communications (GSM) mobile phones on the Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) together with thyroid hormones inwards humans.
Methods: 77 good for y'all academy students participated inwards this study. The levels of T3, T4 together with TSH were measured past times using appropriate enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits (Human, Germany).
Results: The average levels of T3, T4 together with TSH inwards students who moderately used mobile phones were 1.25±0.27 ng/ml, 7.76±1.73 µg/dl together with 4.25±2.12 µu/l respectively. The levels inwards the students who severely used mobile phones were 1.18±0.30, 7.75±1.14 together with 3.75±2.05 respectively. In non-users, the levels were 1.15±0.27, 8.42±2.72 together with 2.70±1.75, respectively. The divergence amidst the levels of TSH inwards these 3 groups was statistically meaning (P<0.05).
Conclusion: As far every bit the study is concerned, this is the firstly human study to assess the associations betwixt mobile telephone usage together with alterations inwards the levels of TSH together with thyroid hormones. Based on the findings, a higher than normal TSH level, depression hateful T4 together with normal T3 concentrations inwards mobile users were observed. It seems that pocket-size degrees of thyroid dysfunction amongst a compensatory ascent inwards TSH may occur next excessive usage of mobile phones. It may live on concluded that possible deleterious effects of mobile microwaves on hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis affects the levels of these hormones.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
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Sinha RK. Chronic non-thermal exposure of modulated 2450 MHz microwave radiations alters thyroid hormones together with behaviour of virile someone rats. Int J Radiat Biol. 2008 Jun;84(6):505-13. doi: 10.1080/09553000802085441.
Abstract
PURPOSE: The purpose of this investigation was to analyze the effects of leakage microwave (2450 MHz) irradiation on thyroid hormones together with behaviour of virile someone rats.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: Experiments were carried out on 2 groups of virile someone rats (exposure together with control, respectively). Radio-immuno assay (RIA) methods were used for estimation of 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4) together with thyrotrophin or thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). The assessments of behavioral changes were performed inwards Open-Field (OF) together with Elevated Plus-Maze (EPM) apparatuses.
RESULTS: Following chronic microwave exposure, rats were found hyperactive together with aggressive on the 16th together with 21st days. Behavioral changes inwards OF were analyzed together with found to live on significantly changed from controls (p < 0.05) for immobilization, rearing together with ambulation behavior. In EPM, rats showed increased activity amongst decreased fourth dimension spent inwards the opened upwards arm together with to a greater extent than fourth dimension spent inwards the pump on the 11th (p < 0.05), 16th (p < 0.05) together with 21st twenty-four hr menses (p < 0.01) after irradiation. Changes inwards behavioral parameters are also correlated amongst the tendency of changes, compared to command animals, inwards hormonal blood levels of T3 (decreased on the 16th day, p < 0.05 together with 21st day, p < 0.01) together with T4 (increased on the 21st day, p < 0.05).
CONCLUSION: Low loose energy microwave irradiation may live on harmful every bit it is sufficient to alter the levels of thyroid hormones every bit good every bit the emotional reactivity of the irradiated compared to command animals.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18470749
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Djeridane Y, Touitou Y, de Seze R. Influence of electromagnetic fields emitted past times GSM-900 cellular telephones on the circadian patterns of gonadal, adrenal together with pituitary hormones inwards men. Radiat Res. 2008 Mar;169(3):337-43.
Abstract
The potential wellness risks of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF EMFs) emitted past times mobile phones are currently of considerable world interest. The acquaint study investigated the consequence of exposure to 900 MHz GSM radiofrequency radiations on steroid (cortisol together with testosterone) together with pituitary (thyroid-stimulating hormone, growth hormone, prolactin together with adrenocorticotropin) hormone levels inwards 20 good for y'all virile someone volunteers. Each bailiwick was exposed to RF EMFs through the usage of a cellular telephone for 2 h/day, five days/ week, for 4 weeks. Blood samples were collected hourly during the nighttime together with every 3 h during the day. Four sampling sessions were performed at 15-day intervals: earlier the showtime of the exposure period, at the middle together with the terminate of the exposure period, together with fifteen days later. Parameters evaluated included the maximum serum concentration, the fourth dimension of this maximum, together with the surface area nether the bend for hormone circadian patterns. Each individual's pre-exposure hormone concentration was used every bit his control. All hormone concentrations remained within normal physiological ranges. The circadian profiles of prolactin, thyroid-stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotropin together with testosterone were non disrupted past times RF EMFs emitted past times mobile phones. For growth hormone together with cortisol, at that spot were meaning decreases of nigh 28% together with 12%, respectively, inwards the maximum levels when comparison the 2-week (for growth hormone together with cortisol) together with 4-week (for growth hormone) exposure periods to the pre-exposure period, but no divergence persisted inwards the postexposure period. Our information demo that the 900 MHz EMF exposure, at to the lowest degree nether our experimental conditions, does non appear to conduct on endocrine functions inwards men.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
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Koyu A, Cesur G, Ozguner F, Akdogan M, Mollaoglu H, Ozen S. Effects of 900 MHz electromagnetic champaign on TSH together with thyroid hormones inwards rats. Toxicol Lett. 2005 Jul 4;157(3):257-62.
Abstract
In this study, the effects of exposure to a 900 megahertz (MHz) electromagnetic champaign (EMF) on serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) together with triiodothronine-thyroxin (T3-T4) hormones levels of adult virile someone Sprague-Dawley rats were studied. Thirty rats were used inwards 3 independent groups, 10 of which were command (without stress together with EMF), 10 of which were exposed to 900 MHz EMF together with 10 of which were sham-exposed. The exposures were performed xxx min/day, for five days/week for 4 weeks to 900 MHz EMF. Sham-exposed animals were kept nether the same environmental atmospheric condition every bit the study groups except amongst no EMF exposure. The concentration of TSH together with T3-T4 hormones inwards the rat serum was measured past times using an immunoradiometric assay (IRMA) method for TSH together with a radio-immunoassay (RIA) method for T3 together with T4 hormones. TSH values together with T3-T4 at the 900 MHz EMF grouping were significantly lower than the sham-exposed grouping (p<0.01). There were no statistically meaning differences inwards serum TSH values together with T3-T4 hormone concentrations betwixt the command together with the sham-exposed grouping (p>0.05). These results signal that 900 MHz EMF emitted past times cellular telephones decrease serum TSH together with T3-T4 levels.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
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Wakeford R. The cancer epidemiology of radiation. Oncogene. 2004 Aug 23;23(38):6404-28.
Abstract
Ionizing radiations has been the bailiwick of intense epidemiological investigation. Studies have got demonstrated that exposure to moderate-to-high levels tin lavatory motion most forms of cancer, leukaemia together with cancers of the breast, lung together with thyroid existence especially sensitive to induction past times radiation, especially at immature ages at exposure. Predominant amidst these studies is the Life Span Study of the cohort of survivors of the atomic bombings of Nippon inwards 1945, but substantial evidence is derived from groups exposed for medical reasons, occupationally or environmentally. Notable amidst these other groups are underground difficult stone miners who inhaled radioactive radon gas together with its decay products, large numbers of patients irradiated therapeutically together with workers who received high doses inwards the nuclear weapons programme of the onetime USSR. The flat of carcinogenic opportunity arising from depression levels of exposure is to a greater extent than contentious, but the available evidence points to an increased opportunity that is exactly about proportional to the dose received. Epidemiological investigations of nonionizing radiations have got established ultraviolet radiations every bit a motion of peel cancer. However, the evidence for a carcinogenic consequence of other forms of nonionizing radiation, such every bit those associated amongst mobile telephones or electricity transmission lines, is non convincing, although the possibility of a link betwixt childhood leukaemia together with extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields cannot live on dismissed entirely.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
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Bergamaschi A, Magrini A, Ales G, Coppeta L, Somma G. Are thyroid dysfunctions related to stress or microwave exposure (900 MHz)? Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol. 2004 May-Aug;17(2 Suppl):31-6.
Abstract
In the terminal decade, numerous scientific evidence suggested possible adverse wellness effects from exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMF'S) together with the usage of mobile phones. According to some studies EMF induced changes of trans-membrane Ca++ flux may atomic number 82 to altered metabolism and/or secretion of neurohormones including TSH, ACTH, GH, prolactin together with melatonin. The aim of this inquiry was to analyse the effects of mobile telephone usage on thyroid business office together with to evaluate the possible role of occupational stress. 2598 employees (1355 men together with 1243 women) amongst unlike duties (vendors, operators together with network technicians) were included inwards the study. Exposure to EMF'S, generated past times mobile phones, was assessed both past times submitting a questionnaire direct to the employees together with acquiring information regarding conversation times. The workers were divided into 3 groups on the ground of their personal mobile telephone use. Moreover, a grouping of 160 workers amongst TSH values below 0.4 UI/l was characterized. No statistically meaning divergence regarding TSH values below 0.4 UI/l was observed amidst workers amongst unlike duties but at that spot was a greater prevalence of subjects amongst depression SH values amidst 192 employees amongst to a greater extent than than 33 hrs./month conversation time; this divergence was statistically meaning (p<0.05). On the ground of our data, it is non possible to found whether this outcome is determined past times exposure to EMF'S from mobile phones of past times the stress of using these instruments.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
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Black DR, Heynick LN. Radiofrequency (RF) effects on blood cells, cardiac, endocrine, together with immunological functions. Bioelectromagnetics. 2003;Suppl 6:S187-95.
Abstract
Effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RFEMF) on the pituitary adrenocortical (ACTH), growth (GH), together with thyroid (TSH) hormones have got been extensively studied, together with at that spot is coherent inquiry on reproductive hormones (FSH together with LH). Those effects which have got been identified are clearly caused past times heating. The exposure thresholds for these effects inwards living mammals, including primates, have got been established. There is limited evidence that indicates no interaction betwixt RFEMF together with the pineal gland or an consequence on prolactin from the pituitary gland. Studies of RFEMF exposed blood cells have got shown that changes or harm make non occur unless the cells are heated. White cells (leukocytes) are much to a greater extent than sensitive than carmine cells (erythrocytes) but white jail energy cell effects stay consistent amongst normal physiological responses to systemic temperature fluctuation. Lifetime studies of RFEMF exposed animals demo no cumulative adverse effects inwards their endocrine, hematological, or immune systems. Cardiovascular tissue is non direct affected adversely inwards the absence of meaning RFEMF heating or electrical currents. The regulation of blood pressure level is non influenced past times ultra high frequency (UHF) RFEMF at levels commonly encountered inwards the usage of mobile communication devices.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
Thyroid Cancer & Mobile Vociferation Use
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