Residential mobility in addition to childhood leukemia
Amoon AT, Oksuzyan S, Crespi CM, Arah OA, Cockburn M, Vergara X, Kheifets L. Residential mobility in addition to childhood leukemia. Environ Res. 2018 Mar 22;164:459-466. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.03.016. [Epub ahead of print]
Highlights
• Children who moved were older, had younger mothers, in addition to lower SES.
• Non-movers showed stronger associations amongst EMF exposures in addition to childhood leukemia.
• Adjustment for variables predicting mobility, salve dwelling, did non alter results.
• Mobility does non look to explicate observed links betwixt EMF in addition to leukemia.
Abstract
AIMS: Studies of environmental exposures in addition to childhood leukemia studies make non commonly business organisation human relationship for residential mobility. Yet, inwards add-on to beingness a potential opportunity factor, mobility tin cause alternative bias, confounding, or measuring fault inwards such studies. Using information collected for California Powerline Study (CAPS), nosotros travail to disentangle the resultant of mobility.
METHODS: We analyzed information from a population-based case-control study of childhood leukemia using cases who were born inwards California in addition to diagnosed betwixt 1988 in addition to 2008 in addition to nascency certificate controls. We used stratified logistic regression, case-only analysis, in addition to propensity-score adjustments to assess predictors of residential mobility betwixt nascency in addition to diagnosis, in addition to business organisation human relationship for potential confounding due to residential mobility.
RESULTS: Children who moved tended to live on older, lived inwards housing other than single-family homes, had younger mothers in addition to fewer siblings, in addition to were of lower socioeconomic status. Odds ratios for leukemia amid non-movers living <50 meters (m) from a 200+ kilovolt draw (OR: 1.62; 95% CI: 0.72-3.65) in addition to for calculated fields ≥ 0.4 microTesla (OR: 1.71; 95% CI: 0.65-4.52) were slightly higher than previously reported overall results. Adjustments for propensity scores based on all variables predictive of mobility, including domicile type, increased odds ratios for leukemia to 2.61 (95% CI: 1.76-3.86) for living < 50 m from a 200 + kilovolt draw in addition to to 1.98 (1.11-3.52) for calculated fields. Individual or propensity-score adjustments for all variables, except domicile type, did non materially alter the estimates of ability draw exposures on childhood leukemia.
CONCLUSION: The residential mobility of childhood leukemia cases varied yesteryear several sociodemographic characteristics, but non yesteryear the distance to the nearest ability draw or calculated magnetic fields. Mobility appears to live on an unlikely explanation for the associations observed betwixt ability lines exposure in addition to childhood leukemia.
Funding: This piece of work was supported yesteryear the Electric Power Research Institute. Crespi was likewise partially supported yesteryear the National Cancer Institute at the National Institutes of Health (grant P30 CA16042). Vergara is an employee of the Electric Power Research Institute.
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Occupational ELF-MF exposure in addition to hematolymphopoietic cancers - Swiss National Cohort analysis in addition to updated meta-analysis
Huss A, Spoerri A, Egger M, Kromhout H, Vermeulen R; Swiss National Cohort. Occupational extremely depression frequency magnetic fields (ELF-MF) exposure in addition to hematolymphopoietic cancers - Swiss National Cohort analysis in addition to updated meta-analysis. Environ Res. 2018 Mar 24;164:467-474. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.03.022.
Highlights
• ELF-MF exposure may acquit on specific hematolymphopoietic malignancies rather than “all leukaemia”.
• We evaluated effects of occupational ELF-MF exposure on different types of hematolymphopoietic malignancies.
• We observed increased risks of AML if workers were exposed to higher levels in addition to for a longer catamenia of time.
• Risks were inwards draw amongst meta-analysed findings of previous studies.
Abstract
PURPOSE: Previous studies accept examined risks of leukaemia in addition to selected lymphoid malignancies inwards workers exposed to extremely depression frequency magnetic fields (ELF-MF). Most studies evaluated hematolymphopoietic malignancies equally a combined category, but around analyses suggested that effects may live on contained to around specific leukaemia or lymphoma subtypes, amongst inconsistent results.
METHODS: We examined exposure to ELF-MF in addition to mortality 1990-2008 from different types of hematolymphopoietic cancers inwards the Swiss National Cohort, using a project exposure matrix for occupations recorded at censuses 1990 in addition to 2000. We analysed 3.1 1 one 1000 thousand workers exposed at different levels to ELF-MF: ever-high, only-medium, only-low exposure using Cox proportional peril models. We evaluated opportunity of expiry from shrewd myeloid leukaemia (AML), chronic myeloid leukaemia, lymphoid leukaemia, diffuse large B-cell lymphomas, follicular lymphoma, Waldenström's macroglobulinemia, multiple myeloma in addition to Hodgkin lymphoma.
RESULTS: Mortality from hematolymphopoietic cancers was non associated amongst exposure to ELF-MF amongst the exception of an increment inwards ever-high exposed men of myeloid leukaemias (HR 1.31, 95% CI 1.02-1.67), in addition to AML (HR 1.26, 95%CI 0.93-1.70). If workers had been high exposed during their vocational preparation in addition to at both censuses, these HR increased to 2.24 (95%CI 0.91-5.53) in addition to 2.75 (95%CI 1.11-6.83), respectively.
CONCLUSIONS:Our analysis provided no convincing prove for an increased opportunity of expiry from a gain of hematolymphopoietic cancers inwards workers exposed to high or medium levels of ELF magnetic fields. However, nosotros observed an increased opportunity of shrewd myeloid leukaemia inwards workers exposed to high levels for a longer duration. Observed risks are inwards draw amongst meta-analysed previous reports on ELF-MF exposure in addition to AML risk, amongst a summary relative opportunity of 1.21 (95%CI 1.08-1.37).
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Meta-analysis of extremely depression frequency electromagnetic fields in addition to cancer risk:
a pooled analysis of epidemiologic studies
Zhang Y, Lai J, Ruan G, Chen C, Wang DW. Meta-analysis of extremely depression frequency electromagnetic fields in addition to cancer risk: a pooled analysis of epidemiologic studies. Environ Int. 2015 December 15;88:36-43. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2015.12.012.
Highlights
• Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 meaning association betwixt ELF-EMF exposure in addition to cancer opportunity was identified.
• Subgroup analysis revealed increased opportunity alone inwards North America, specially inwards United States.
• However, the information from private European province was contradicted amongst each other.
• Increased opportunity was alone observed inwards residential exposure or interview-based surveys.
• Device measured studies obtained no meaning association inwards overall effects.
Human-made electromagnetic fields (EMFs), such equally nonionizing radiation, are classified into 3 categories: extremely depression frequency fields (< 300 Hz) ....
Studies accept suggested that extremely depression frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMF) may acquit on physiological functions inwards creature models. However, epidemiologic studies investigating the association of ELF-EMF amongst the susceptibility to cancer yield contradictory results.
In this comprehensive analysis, nosotros conducted a search for case-control surveys regarding the associations of ELF-EMF in addition to cancer susceptibility inwards electronic databases. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 full of 42 studies involving 13,259 cases in addition to 100,882 controls were retrieved.
All studies were case–control studies, including 23 pectus cancer ..., 1 testicular cancer ..., 1 acoustic neuroma ..., 1 endometrial cancer ...., and 3 other cancer cases.
Overall, increased susceptibility to cancer was identified inwards the ELF-EMF exposed population (OR=1.08, 95% CI: 1.01, 1.15, P=0.02). In the stratified analyses, increased opportunity was constitute inwards North America (OR=1.10; 95% CI: 1.02, 1.20, P=0.02), specially the U.S. (OR=1.10; 95% CI: 1.01, 1.20, P=0.03). However, studies from Europe contradict these results. Moreover, a higher opportunity was constitute to live on statistically significantly associated amongst the residential exposed population (OR=1.18; 95% CI: 1.02, 1.37, P=0.03). Furthermore, an increased cancer opportunity was constitute inwards interview-based surveys (OR=1.16; 95% CI: 1.00, 1.35, P=0.04). In device measurement-based studies, a slight increased opportunity was constitute alone inwards premenopausal pectus cancer (OR=1.23; 95% CI: 1.01, 1.49, P=0.04).
Our meta-analysis suggests that ELF-EMFs are associated amongst cancer risk, mainly inwards the U.S. in addition to inwards residential exposed populations. Methodological challenges mightiness explicate the differences amid studies.
http://1.usa.gov/1R4n2AJ
Excerpts
The overall evaluation conducted yesteryear the World Health Organization (WHO) indicated that extremely low-frequency magnetic fields (ELF-EMFs) are perchance carcinogenic to humans (Group 2B), spell static electrical in addition to magnetic fields in addition to extremely low-frequency electrical fields are non classifiable equally to their carcinogenicity to humans (Group 3) (Humans, 2002).
ELF-EMFs are mainly generated yesteryear ability transmission lines, ability equipment or appliances (Chen et al., 2013). Because of the rapid evolution of manufacture in addition to society, humans are surrounded yesteryear diverse electrical devices, in addition to exposure to ELF-EMFs is increasing. Currently, the biological effects induced yesteryear ELF-EMFs on human wellness accept move a drive for concern (Grellier et al., 2014 in addition to Zhang et al., 2015).
In general, creature experiments accept produced positive results for all known human carcinogens, for which adequate testing has been performed (Humans, 2002). However, it is notable that childhood leukemia is the alone cancer outcome for which this association has been consistently constitute using epidemiological methods (Grellier et al., 2014). It has been hypothesized that experiments designed next the classical two-step initiator–promoter concept of carcinogenesis may non live on appropriate for agreement the biological effects of ELF-EMFs, equally illness progression may resultant from complex interactions of genotoxic in addition to non-genotoxic carcinogens (Juutilainen, 2008).
The results inwards Fig. 2 demo that weak association betwixt EMF-ELF exposure in addition to susceptibility to cancer was identified when all the eligible studies were pooled (OR = 1.08, 95% CI: 1.01, 1.15, P = 0.02) regardless of the exposure models or cancer types (Fig. 2).
In the province subgroup analysis, a statistically meaning increment inwards opportunity was constitute inwards North America (15 pectus cancer, 3 encephalon cancer, 1 leukemia in addition to 1 other cancer; OR = 1.10, 95% CI: 1.02, 1.20, P = 0.02), mainly inwards the U.S. (14 pectus cancer, 3 encephalon cancer in addition to 1 other cancer; OR = 1.10, 95% CI: 1.01, 1.20, P = 0.03). On the contrary, no statistically meaning association betwixt EMF-ELFs in addition to cancer opportunity was constitute inwards a global analysis of European studies (7 pectus cancer, vii encephalon cancer, viii leukemia in addition to v other cancers) .... An increased opportunity of cancer was constitute inwards Kingdom of Norway (3 pectus cancer, 1 encephalon cancer, 1 leukemia in addition to 1 other cancer; OR = 1.11, 95% CI: 1.02, 1.21, P = 0.02) in addition to French Republic (1 encephalon cancer in addition to 1 leukemia; OR = 1.38, 95% CI: 1.03, 1.84, P = 0.03), spell a decreased opportunity was constitute inwards Sweden (4 pectus cancer, 1 encephalon cancer, 1 leukemia in addition to 1 other cancer; OR = 0.90, 95% CI: 0.84, 0.96, P = 0.001) in addition to England (2 encephalon cancer, 2 leukemia in addition to 2 other cancers; OR = 0.82, 95% CI: 0.69, 0.96, P = 0.02). In addition, a study from New Zealand likewise showed an increased cancer opportunity (1 leukemia; OR = 1.97, 95% CI: 1.08, 3.59, P = 0.03) .... Further subgroup analyses based on cancer type did non let on whatever statistically meaning associations inwards all of the analyzed types. When compared yesteryear exposure methods, an increased opportunity was alone observed inwards residential exposure populations (OR = 1.18; 95% CI: 1.02, 1.37, P = 0.03).
[Note that the 23 studies that examined pectus cancer opportunity yielded a marginally meaning association amongst ELF-EMF exposure (OR = 1.07, p = .06)].
In conclusion, inwards our study, relevant literature selected from wide databases amongst stringent standards revealed an increased opportunity of cancer upon ELF-EMF exposure. However, to a greater extent than quantitative studies volition contribute to to a greater extent than comprehensive results inwards the future.
Cancer Opportunity From Exposure To Ability Lines As Well As Electrical Appliances
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