Thermal together with non-thermal wellness effects of depression intensity non-ionizing radiation:
An international perspective
Belpomme D, Hardell, L, Belyaev I, Burgio E, Carpenter DO. Thermal together with non-thermal wellness effects of depression intensity non-ionizing radiation: An international perspective. Environ Pollut. 2018 Jul 6; 242(Pt A):643-658. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.07.019.
Highlights
• Exposure to electromagnetic fields has increased dramatically.
• Electromagnetic fields at depression together with non-thermal intensities increment take chances of cancer inwards animals together with humans.
• Some individuals are especially sensitive together with railroad train a syndrome of electrohypersensitivity.
• There is an urgent involve to recognize hazards associated with excessive exposure to non-thermal levels of electromagnetic fields.
Abstract
Exposure to depression frequency together with radiofrequency electromagnetic fields at depression intensities poses a meaning wellness peril that has non been adequately addressed yesteryear national together with international organizations such every bit the World Health Organization. There is strong evidence that excessive exposure to mobile phone-frequencies over long periods of fourth dimension increases the take chances of encephalon cancer both inwards humans together with animals. The mechanism(s) responsible include induction of reactive oxygen species, cistron human face alteration together with deoxyribonucleic acid impairment through both epigenetic together with genetic processes. In vivo together with inwards vitro studies demonstrate adverse effects on manlike somebody together with woman somebody reproduction, almost sure enough due to generation of reactive oxygen species. There is increasing evidence the exposures tin resultant inwards neurobehavioral decrements together with that or then individuals railroad train a syndrome of "electro-hypersensitivity" or "microwave illness", which is ane of several syndromes commonly categorized every bit "idiopathic environmental intolerance". While the symptoms are non-specific, novel biochemical indicators together with imaging techniques allow diagnosis that excludes the symptoms every bit beingness solely psychosomatic. Unfortunately standards laid yesteryear most national together with international bodies are non protective of human health. This is a detail business organisation inwards children, given the rapid expansion of utilisation of wireless technologies, the greater susceptibility of the developing nervous system, the hyperconductivity of their encephalon tissue, the greater penetration of radiofrequency radiations relative to caput size together with their potential for a longer lifetime exposure.
Highlights
• Exposure to electromagnetic fields has increased dramatically.
• Electromagnetic fields at depression together with non-thermal intensities increment take chances of cancer inwards animals together with humans.
• Some individuals are especially sensitive together with railroad train a syndrome of electrohypersensitivity.
• There is an urgent involve to recognize hazards associated with excessive exposure to non-thermal levels of electromagnetic fields.
Abstract
Exposure to depression frequency together with radiofrequency electromagnetic fields at depression intensities poses a meaning wellness peril that has non been adequately addressed yesteryear national together with international organizations such every bit the World Health Organization. There is strong evidence that excessive exposure to mobile phone-frequencies over long periods of fourth dimension increases the take chances of encephalon cancer both inwards humans together with animals. The mechanism(s) responsible include induction of reactive oxygen species, cistron human face alteration together with deoxyribonucleic acid impairment through both epigenetic together with genetic processes. In vivo together with inwards vitro studies demonstrate adverse effects on manlike somebody together with woman somebody reproduction, almost sure enough due to generation of reactive oxygen species. There is increasing evidence the exposures tin resultant inwards neurobehavioral decrements together with that or then individuals railroad train a syndrome of "electro-hypersensitivity" or "microwave illness", which is ane of several syndromes commonly categorized every bit "idiopathic environmental intolerance". While the symptoms are non-specific, novel biochemical indicators together with imaging techniques allow diagnosis that excludes the symptoms every bit beingness solely psychosomatic. Unfortunately standards laid yesteryear most national together with international bodies are non protective of human health. This is a detail business organisation inwards children, given the rapid expansion of utilisation of wireless technologies, the greater susceptibility of the developing nervous system, the hyperconductivity of their encephalon tissue, the greater penetration of radiofrequency radiations relative to caput size together with their potential for a longer lifetime exposure.
Excerpts
"In spite of a large trunk of evidence for human wellness hazards from non-ionizing EMFs at intensities that arrive at non campaign measureable tissue heating, summarized inwards an encyclopedic fashion inwards the Bioinitiative Report (www.bioinitiative.org), the World Health Organization (WHO) together with governmental agencies inwards many countries receive got non taken steps to warn of the wellness hazards resulting from exposures to EMFs at low, non-thermal intensities, nor receive got they laid exposure standards that are adequately wellness protective. In 2001 the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC, 2002), component subdivision of the WHO, declared ELF-EMFs to live “possibly carcinogenic to humans”, together with inwards 2011 they made a like annunciation for RF-EMFs (Baan et al., 2011; IARC, 2013). The classification of RF-EMFs every bit a “possible” human carcinogen was based primarily on evidence that long-term users of mobile phones held to the caput resulted inwards an elevated take chances of developing encephalon cancer. One major argue that the rating was non at “probable” or “known” was the lack of clear evidence from creature studies for exposure leading to cancer. The US of America National Toxicology Program has released preliminary results of a study of long term exposure of rats to jail στοιχείο telephone radiations which resulted inwards a statistically meaning increment inwards encephalon gliomas, the same cancer found inwards people after long-term jail στοιχείο telephone use, together with schwannomas, a tumor like to the acoustic neuroma too seen after intensive mobile telephone utilisation (Wyde et al., 2016). Similar results inwards rats receive got been reported inwards an independent study at the Ramazzini Institute with exposures like to those from a mobile telephone base of operations station (Falcioni et al., 2018). This evidence, inwards conjunction with the human studies, demonstrates conclusively that excessive exposure to RF-EMF results inwards an increased take chances of cancer. In lite of this novel evidence for cancer inwards rodents inwards reply to prolonged exposure to mobile telephone frequencies, the IARC rating should live raised at to the lowest degree to “probable” (Group 2A) if non “known” (Group 1).
Unfortunately the International EMF Project of the WHO, which is component subdivision of the Department of Public Health, Environment together with Social Determinants of Health inwards Geneva, has consistently minimized wellness concerns from non-ionizing EMFs at intensities that arrive at non campaign tissue heating (WHO, 2014). In this regard WHO has failed to render an accurate together with human health-protective analysis of the dangers posed to health, especially to the wellness of children, resulting from exposure to non-thermal levels of electromagnetic fields. The Department of Public Health, Environment together with Social Determinants of Disease takes its advice on the issues related to human wellness effects of non-ionizing EMFs from the International Commission on Non-ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP). Almost all members of the essence grouping preparing the novel Environmental Health Criteria (EHC) document for the WHO are members of ICNIRP (Starkey, 2016; Hardell, 2017), a non-government arrangement (NGO) whose members are appointed yesteryear other members. In spite of recent efforts to command for conflicts of interest, ICNIRP has a long tape of unopen associations with manufacture (Maisch, 2006). When queried every bit to why the WHO would receive got recommendations from such a group, WHO staff replied that ICNIRP is an official NGO which plant closely with the WHO. Why this should exclude other scientific query groups together with world wellness professionals is unclear, especially since most members of ICNIRP are non active researchers inwards this field. We are especially concerned that a novel WHO EHC document on RF-EMFs is scheduled to live released soon, together with that the members of the EHC Core Group together with the individuals whose assistance has been acknowledged are known to live inwards denial of serious non-thermal effects of RF-EMFs inwards spite of overwhelming scientific evidence to the opposite (Starkey, 2016; Hardell, 2017).
Others receive got dismissed the strong evidence for harm from ELF- together with RF-EMFs yesteryear contention that nosotros arrive at non know the machinery whereby such depression energetic EMFs powerfulness campaign cancer together with other diseases. We receive got definitive evidence that utilisation of a mobile telephone results inwards changes inwards encephalon metabolism (Volkow et al., 2011). We know that low-intensity ELF- together with RF-EMFs generate reactive oxygen species (ROS), alter calcium metabolism together with alter cistron human face through epigenetic mechanisms, whatsoever of which may resultant inwards evolution of cancer and/or other diseases or physiological changes (see www.bioinitiative.org for many references). We arrive at non know the mechanisms behind many known human carcinogens, dioxins together with arsenic beingness 2 examples. Given the forcefulness of the evidence for harm to humans it is imperative to cut back human exposure to EMFs. This is the essence of the “precautionary principle”."
"Based on case-control studies in that place was a consistent finding of increased take chances for glioma together with acoustic neuroma associated with utilisation of mobile phones. Similar results were found for cordless phones inwards the Hardell grouping studies, although such utilisation was non reported yesteryear the other study groups. The findings are less consistent for meningioma although somewhat increased take chances was seen inwards the meta-analysis of ipsilateral mobile telephone use. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 longer follow-up fourth dimension is necessary for this type of tedious growing tumor."
"There are other meaning human wellness hazards of concern. There is strong creature together with human evidence that exposure to RF-EMFs every bit good every bit ELF-EMFs reduces fertility inwards both males (reviewed yesteryear McGill together with Agarwal, 2014) together with females (Roshangar et al., 2014) … There is evidence that isolated human sperm exposed to RF-EMFs are damaged yesteryear generation of reactive oxygen species (Agarwal et al., 2009)."
"Exposure to RF-EMFs has been reported to increment neuropsychiatric together with behavioural disorders (Johansson et al., 2010; Divan et al., 2012), trigger cardiac beat alteration together with peripheral arterial pressure level instability (Havas, 2013; Saili et al., 2015), cause changes inwards immune scheme component subdivision (Lyle et al., 1983; Grigoriev et al., 2010; Sannino et al., 2011, 2014) together with alter salivary (Augner et al., 2010) together with thyroid (Koyu et al., 2005; Mortavazi et al., 2009; Pawlak et al., 2014) function."
"Children, together with especially fetuses, are to a greater extent than vulnerable than adults for most environmental exposures (Sly together with Carpenter, 2012) ….
Divan et al. (2008) reported that prenatal together with to a lesser flat postnatal exposure to jail στοιχείο phones is associated with emotional together with hyperactivity problems inwards 7-year onetime children. This finding was confirmed inwards a instant replicative study involving dissimilar participants (Divan et al., 2012). Birks et al. (2017) used information from studies inwards v cohorts from v dissimilar countries (83,884 children) together with concluded that maternal mobile telephone utilisation during pregnancy increased the take chances that the kid volition demo hyperactivity together with inattention problems. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 meta-analysis involving 125,198 children (mean historic stream 14.5 years) reported statistically meaning associations betwixt access to together with utilisation of portable screen-based media devices (e.g. mobile phones together with tablets) together with inadequate slumber lineament together with quantity together with excessive daytime sleepiness (Carter et al., 2016)…."
"The specific absorption charge per unit of measurement (SAR)-based ICNIRP security limits were established on the ground of simulation of EMF loose energy absorption using standardized adult manlike somebody phantoms, together with designed to protect people solely from the thermal effects of EMFs. These assumptions are non valid for 2 reasons. Not solely arrive at they neglect to consider the specific morphological together with bioclinical vulnerabilities of children, but too they ignore the effects known to occur at non-thermal intensities…."
"There is a segment of the human population that is unusually intolerant to EMFs. The term “electromagnetic hypersensitivity” or “electrohypersensitivity (EHS)” to depict the clinical weather condition inwards these patients was start used inwards a study prepared yesteryear a European grouping of experts for the European Commission (Bergqvist et al., 1997). Santini et al. (2001, 2003) reported like symptoms occurring inwards users of digital cellular phones together with alongside people living nigh mobile telephone base of operations stations ….
In summary it is the strong thought of the authors that in that place is presently sufficient clinical, biological together with radiological information emanating from dissimilar independent international scientific query groups for EHS, whatever its causal origin, to live acknowledged every bit a well-defined, objectively characterized pathological disorder."
"Arguments used inwards the yesteryear to sweat to discount the evidence showing deleterious wellness effects of ELF-EMFs together with RF-EMF exposure at non-thermal SAR levels were based on the difficulties encountered inwards agreement the underlying biological effects together with the lack of recognized basic molecular mechanisms accounting for these effects. This is no longer the case. There are a number of well-documented effects of depression intensity EMFs that are the mechanistic ground behind the biological effects documented higher upwards (www.bioinitiative.org). These include induction of oxidative stress, deoxyribonucleic acid damage, epigenetic changes, altered cistron human face together with induction including inhibition of deoxyribonucleic acid repair together with changes inwards intracelluar calcium metabolism …."
"EMFs at non-thermal intensities may interfere with other environmental stressors, showing an interplay of molecular pathways together with resulting inwards either beneficial or detrimental wellness effects, depending on the nature together with weather condition of co-exposures (Novoselova et al., 2017; Ji et al., 2016). One instance is the demonstration that RF-EMF exposure modulates the deoxyribonucleic acid impairment together with repair induced yesteryear ionizing radiations (Belyaev et al., 1993). Another instance is the synergistic of exposure to Pb together with EMFs on cognitive component subdivision inwards children described higher upwards (Choi et al., 2017; Byun et al., 2017). These co-exposure factors should live considered when assessment of detrimental effects, including carcinogenicity, is performed."
"Public Health Implications of Human Exposure to EMFs
The incidence of encephalon cancer inwards children together with adolescents has increased betwixt 2000 together with 2010 (Ostrom et al., 2015). Gliomas are increasing inwards the Netherlands (Ho et al., 2014), glioblastomas are increasing inwards Commonwealth of Australia (Dobes et al., 2011) together with England (Philips et al., 2018) together with all encephalon cancers are increasing inwards Espana (Etxeberrua et al., 2015) together with Sweden (Hardell together with Carlberg, 2017). The latency stream betwixt initial exposure together with clinical occurrence of encephalon cancer is non known but is estimated to live long. While non all reports of encephalon cancer rates demo an increase, or then do. The continually increasing exposure to EMFs from all sources may contribute to these increases. The prevalence of EHS is unknown, but diverse reports advise that it is betwixt 1 together with 10% of the population (Hallberg together with Oberfeld, 2006; Huang et al., 2018). Male fertility has been declining (Geoffroy-Siraudin et al., 2012; Levine et al., 2017). EMFs increment the take chances of each of these diseases together with others. Alzheimer's affliction is increasing inwards many countries worldwide together with its association with ELF-EMF occupational exposure has been clearly demonstrated through several independent epidemiological studies (Davanipour together with Sobel, 2009; Sobel et al., 1996; Qiu et al., 2004) together with a meta-analysis of these studies (García et al., 2008). Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 recent meta-analysis (Huss et al., 2018) has reported an increased take chances of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis inwards workers occupationally exposure to ELF-EMFs.
Safety limits for RF exposure receive got been based (until today) on the thermal effects of EMFs. But these standards arrive at non protect people, especially children, from the deleterious wellness effects of non-thermal EMFs (Nazıroğlu et al., 2013; Mahmoudabadi et al., 2015). Each of these diseases is associated with decrements inwards wellness together with lineament of life. Brain cancer patients ofttimes croak is spite of or then improvement inwards treatment, patch EHS patients acquaint with increased levels of distress, inability to work, together with progressive social withdrawal. The powerfulness for humans to reproduce is key for the maintenance of our species.
The scientific evidence for harm from EMFs is increasingly strong. We arrive at non advocate going dorsum to the historic stream earlier electricity or wireless communication, but nosotros deplore the acquaint failure of world wellness international bodies to recognize the scientific information showing the adverse effects of EMFs on human health. It is encouraging that or then governments are taking action. French Republic has removed WiFi from pre-schools together with ordered Wi-Fi to live unopen off inwards uncomplicated schools when non inwards utilisation (State of California, 2017). There are many steps that are neither hard nor expensive that tin live taken to utilisation modern technology scientific discipline but inwards a trend that significantly reduces threats to human health.
It is urgent that national together with international bodies, especially the WHO, receive got this meaning world wellness peril seriously together with brand appropriate recommendations for protective measures to cut back exposures. This is especially urgently needed for children together with adolescents. It is too of import that all parts of society, especially the medical community, educators, together with the full general public, travel informed virtually the hazards associated with exposure to EMFs together with of the steps that tin live easily taken to cut back exposure together with take chances of associated disease."
The incidence of encephalon cancer inwards children together with adolescents has increased betwixt 2000 together with 2010 (Ostrom et al., 2015). Gliomas are increasing inwards the Netherlands (Ho et al., 2014), glioblastomas are increasing inwards Commonwealth of Australia (Dobes et al., 2011) together with England (Philips et al., 2018) together with all encephalon cancers are increasing inwards Espana (Etxeberrua et al., 2015) together with Sweden (Hardell together with Carlberg, 2017). The latency stream betwixt initial exposure together with clinical occurrence of encephalon cancer is non known but is estimated to live long. While non all reports of encephalon cancer rates demo an increase, or then do. The continually increasing exposure to EMFs from all sources may contribute to these increases. The prevalence of EHS is unknown, but diverse reports advise that it is betwixt 1 together with 10% of the population (Hallberg together with Oberfeld, 2006; Huang et al., 2018). Male fertility has been declining (Geoffroy-Siraudin et al., 2012; Levine et al., 2017). EMFs increment the take chances of each of these diseases together with others. Alzheimer's affliction is increasing inwards many countries worldwide together with its association with ELF-EMF occupational exposure has been clearly demonstrated through several independent epidemiological studies (Davanipour together with Sobel, 2009; Sobel et al., 1996; Qiu et al., 2004) together with a meta-analysis of these studies (García et al., 2008). Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 recent meta-analysis (Huss et al., 2018) has reported an increased take chances of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis inwards workers occupationally exposure to ELF-EMFs.
Safety limits for RF exposure receive got been based (until today) on the thermal effects of EMFs. But these standards arrive at non protect people, especially children, from the deleterious wellness effects of non-thermal EMFs (Nazıroğlu et al., 2013; Mahmoudabadi et al., 2015). Each of these diseases is associated with decrements inwards wellness together with lineament of life. Brain cancer patients ofttimes croak is spite of or then improvement inwards treatment, patch EHS patients acquaint with increased levels of distress, inability to work, together with progressive social withdrawal. The powerfulness for humans to reproduce is key for the maintenance of our species.
The scientific evidence for harm from EMFs is increasingly strong. We arrive at non advocate going dorsum to the historic stream earlier electricity or wireless communication, but nosotros deplore the acquaint failure of world wellness international bodies to recognize the scientific information showing the adverse effects of EMFs on human health. It is encouraging that or then governments are taking action. French Republic has removed WiFi from pre-schools together with ordered Wi-Fi to live unopen off inwards uncomplicated schools when non inwards utilisation (State of California, 2017). There are many steps that are neither hard nor expensive that tin live taken to utilisation modern technology scientific discipline but inwards a trend that significantly reduces threats to human health.
It is urgent that national together with international bodies, especially the WHO, receive got this meaning world wellness peril seriously together with brand appropriate recommendations for protective measures to cut back exposures. This is especially urgently needed for children together with adolescents. It is too of import that all parts of society, especially the medical community, educators, together with the full general public, travel informed virtually the hazards associated with exposure to EMFs together with of the steps that tin live easily taken to cut back exposure together with take chances of associated disease."
International Perspective On Wellness Effects Of Depression Intensity Non-Ionizing Radiation
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