The emergence of 5G, fifth-generation telecommunication networks, has been inwards the word lately because the wireless manufacture has been pushing controversial legislation at the province grade to expedite the deployment of this technology. The legislation would block the rights of local governments together with their citizens to command the installation of cellular antennas inwards earth “right-of-way.” Cell antennas may live installed on world utility poles every 10-20 houses inwards urban areas. According to the industry, every bit many every bit 50,000 novel jail cellular telephone sites volition live required inwards California alone.
Although many major cities together with newspapers convey opposed this legislation, the potential wellness risks from the proliferation of novel cellular antenna sites convey been ignored. These jail cellular telephone antennas volition expose the population to novel sources of radio frequency radiations including MMWs.
5G volition employ low- (0.6 GHz - 3.7 GHz), mid- (3.7 – 24 GHz), together with high-band frequencies (24 GHz together with higher). In the U.S., the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) has allocated “low-band” spectrum at 0.6 GHz (e.g., 600 MHz), “mid-band” spectrum inwards the 3.5 GHz range, and 11 GHz of “high-band” frequencies including licensed spectrum from 27.5-28.35 GHz together with 37-40 GHz, every bit good every bit unlicensed spectrum from 64-71 GHz which is opened upwards to all wireless equipment manufacturers.
Prior to widespread deployment, major jail cellular telephone phone carriers are experimenting amongst novel technologies that employ “high-band” frequencies inwards communities across the country. The “high-band” frequencies largely consist of millimeter waves (MMWs), a type of electromagnetic radiations amongst wavelengths of i to 10 millimeters together with frequencies ranging from xxx to 300 GHz (or billions of cycles per second).
The characteristics of MMWs are dissimilar than the “low-band” (i.e., microwave) frequencies which are currently inwards occupation yesteryear the cellular together with wireless industries. MMWs tin transmit large amounts of information over brusque distances. The transmissions tin live directed into narrow beams that go yesteryear line-of-sight together with tin motion information at high rates (e.g., upwards to 10 billion bits per second) amongst brusque lags (or latencies) betwixt transmissions. The signals are blocked yesteryear buildings, together with leaf tin absorb much of their energy. Also, the waves tin live reflected yesteryear metallic element surfaces. Although antennas tin live every bit modest every bit a few millimeters, “small cell” antenna arrays may consist of dozens or fifty-fifty hundreds of antenna elements.
What does inquiry tell us nearly the biologic together with wellness effects of millimeter waves?
Millimeter waves (MMWs) are generally absorbed inside 1 to 2 millimeters of human peel together with inwards the surface layers of the cornea. Thus, the peel or near-surface zones of tissues are the primary targets of the radiation. Since peel contains capillaries together with nervus endings, MMW bio-effects may live transmitted through molecular mechanisms yesteryear the peel or through the nervous system.
Thermal (or heating) effects occur when the ability density of the waves is higher upwards 5–10 mW/cm2. Such high-intensity MMWs human activity on human peel together with the cornea inwards a dose-dependent manner—beginning amongst estrus sensation followed yesteryear hurting together with physical impairment at higher exposures. Temperature elevation tin impact the growth, morphology together with metabolism of cells, create production of gratis radicals, together with impairment DNA.
The maximum permissible exposure that the FCC permits for the full general world is 1.0 mW/cm2 averaged over xxx minutes for frequencies that attain from 1.5 GHz to 100 GHz. This guideline was adopted inwards 1996 to protect humans from astute exposure to thermal levels of radiofrequency radiation. However, the guidelines were non designed to protect us from nonthermal risks that may occur amongst prolonged or long-term exposure to radiofrequency radiation.
With the deployment of 5th generation wireless infrastructure (aka 5G), much of the state volition live exposed to MMWs for the foremost fourth dimension on a continuous basis. Due to FCC guidelines, these exposures volition probable live of depression intensity. Hence, the wellness consequences of 5G exposure volition live express to non-thermal effects produced yesteryear prolonged exposure to MMWs inwards conjunction amongst exposure to low- together with mid-band radiofrequency radiation.
Unfortunately, few studies convey examined prolonged exposure to low-intensity MMWs, together with no inquiry that I am aware of has focused on exposure to MMWs combined amongst other radiofrequency radiation.
Although biologic effects of low-intensity MMWs convey been studied for decades, specially inwards Eastern Europe, study results are ofttimes inconsistent because the effects are related to many factors including the frequency, modulation, ability density, together with duration of the exposures, every bit good every bit the type of tissue or cells beingness investigated.
Results vary across studies—MMWs convey been shown to create or inhibit jail cellular telephone decease together with heighten or suppress jail cellular telephone proliferation. Some studies establish that the radiations inhibits jail cellular telephone wheel progression, together with roughly studies reported no biologic effects (Le Drean et al., 2013)
A review of the inquiry inwards 2010 noted that “A large number of cellular studies convey indicated that MMW may alter structural together with functional properties of membranes.” Exposure to MMWs may touching the plasma membrane either yesteryear modifying ion channel activity or yesteryear modifying the phospholipid bilayer. Water molecules also look to play a role inwards these effects. Skin nervus endings are a probable target of MMWs together with the possible starting dot of numerous biological effects. MMWs may activate the immune organization through stimulation of the peripheral neural organization (Ramundo-Orlando, 2010).
In 1998, v scientists employed yesteryear U.S.A. Army together with Air Force inquiry institutes published a seminal review of the inquiry on MMWs. They reported:
“Increased sensitivity together with fifty-fifty hypersensitivity of private specimens to MMW may live real. Depending on the exposure characteristics, especially wavelength, a low-intensity MMW radiations was perceived yesteryear xxx to 80% of salubrious examinees (Lebedeva, 1993, 1995). Some clinical studies reported MMW hypersensitivity, which was or was non express to a for certain wavelength (Golovacheva, 1995).”
“It is of import to notation that, fifty-fifty amongst the multifariousness of bioeffects reported, no studies convey provided show that a low-intensity MMW radiations represents a wellness endangerment for human beings. Actually, none of the reviewed studies amongst low-intensity MMW fifty-fifty pursued the evaluation of wellness risks, although inwards thought of numerous bioeffects together with growing usage of MMW technologies this inquiry objective seems rattling reasonable. Such MMW effects every bit alterations of jail cellular telephone growth charge per unit of measurement together with UV low-cal sensitivity, biochemical together with antibiotic resistivity changes inwards pathogenic bacteria, every bit good every bit many others are of potential significance for security standards, but fifty-fifty local together with short-term exposures were reported to make marked effects. It should also live realized that biological effects of a prolonged or chronic MMW exposure of the whole torso or a large torso surface area convey never been investigated. Safety limits for these types of exposures are based alone on predictions of unloose energy deposition together with MMW heating, but inwards thought of recent studies this approach is non necessarily adequate.” (Pakhomov et al., 1998)
Microbes are also affected yesteryear MMW radiation. In 2016 a review of the inquiry on the effects of MMWs on bacteria was published (Soghomonyan et al., 2016). The authors summarized their findings every bit follows:
“…bacteria together with other cells mightiness communicate amongst each other yesteryear electromagnetic land of sub-extremely high frequency range. These MMW affected Escherichia coli together with many other bacteria, mainly depressing their growth together with changing properties together with activity. These effects were non-thermal together with depended on dissimilar factors. The pregnant cellular targets for MMW effects could live water, jail cellular telephone plasma membrane, together with genome….The consequences of MMW interaction amongst bacteria are the changes inwards their sensitivity to dissimilar biologically active chemicals, including antibiotics….These effects are of significance for agreement changed metabolic pathways together with distinguish role of bacteria inwards environment; they mightiness live leading to antibiotic resistance inwards bacteria.”
“Changing the sensitivity of bacteria to antibiotics yesteryear MMW irradiation tin live of import for the agreement of antibiotic resistance inwards the environment. In this respect, it is interesting that bacteria [that] survived close telecommunication-based stations similar Bacillus together with Clostridium spp. convey been establish to live multidrug resistant (Adebayo et al. 2014).” (Soghomonyan et al., 2016)
In sum, the peer-reviewed inquiry demonstrates that short-term exposure to low-intensity millimeter moving ridge (MMW) radiations non but affects human cells, it may final result inwards the growth of multi-drug resistant bacteria harmful to humans. Since footling inquiry has been conducted on the wellness consequences from long-term exposure to MMWs, widespread deployment of 5G or 5th generation wireless infrastructure constitutes a massive experiment that may convey adverse impacts on the public’s health.
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Following are summaries of inquiry reviews of the effects of MMW exposure together with a listing of lately published studies.
Millimeter Wave Research Reviews
(Updated Aug 9, 2017)
Belyaev IY, Shcheglov VS, Alipov ED, Ushakov VD. Nonthermal effects of extremely high-frequency microwaves on chromatin conformation inwards cells inwards vitro—Dependence on physical, physiological, together with genetic factors. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory together with Techniques. 2000; 48(11):2172-2179.
Abstract
There is a substantial number of studies showing biological effects of microwaves of extremely high-frequency attain [i.e., millimeter waves (MMWs)] at nonthermal intensities, but piteous reproducibility was reported inwards few replication studies. One possible explanation could live the dependence of the MMW effects on roughly parameters, which were non controlled inwards replications. The authors studied MMW effects on chromatin conformation inwards Escherichia coli (E. coli) cells together with rat thymocytes. Strong dependence of MMW effects on frequency together with polarization was observed at nonthermal ability densities. Several other factors were important, such every bit the genotype of a strain nether study, growth phase of the bacterial cultures, together with fourth dimension betwixt exposure to microwaves together with recording of the effect. MMW effects were subject on jail cellular telephone density during exposure. This finding suggested an interaction of microwaves amongst cell-to-cell communication. Such dependence on several genetic, physiological, together with physical variables mightiness live a argue why, inwards roughly studies, the authors failed to reproduce the master copy information of others.
Le Drean Y, Mahamoud YS, Le Page Y, Habauzit D, Le Quement C, Zhadobov M, Sauleau R. State of noesis on biological effects at 40–60 GHz. Comptes Rendus Physique. 2013; 14(5):402-411.
Abstract
Millimetre waves lucifer to the attain of frequencies located betwixt xxx together with 300 GHz. Many applications be together with are emerging inwards this band, including wireless telecommunications, imaging together with monitoring systems. In addition, roughly of these frequencies are used inwards therapy inwards Eastern Europe, suggesting that interactions amongst the human torso are possible. This review aims to summarise electrical flow noesis on interactions betwixt millimetre waves together with living matter. Several representative examples from the scientific literature are presented. Then, possible mechanisms of interactions betwixt millimetre waves together with biological systems are discussed.
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Pakhomov AG, Akyel Y, Pakhomova ON, Stuck BE, Murphy MR. Current province together with implications of inquiry on biological effects of millimeter waves: a review of the literature. Bioelectromagnetics. 1998; 19(7):393-413.
In recent years, inquiry into biological together with medical effects of millimeter waves (MMW) has expanded greatly. This paper analyzes full general trends inwards the surface area together with briefly reviews the most pregnant publications, proceeding from cell-free systems, dosimetry, together with spectroscopy issues through cultured cells together with isolated organs to animals together with humans. The studies reviewed demonstrate effects of low-intensity MMW (10 mW/cm2 and less) on jail cellular telephone growth together with proliferation, activity of enzymes, province of jail cellular telephone genetic apparatus, component subdivision of excitable membranes, peripheral receptors, together with other biological systems. In animals together with humans, local MMW exposure stimulated tissue repair together with regeneration, alleviated stress reactions, together with facilitated recovery inwards a broad attain of diseases (MMW therapy). Many reported MMW effects could non live readily explained yesteryear temperature changes during irradiation. The paper outlines roughly problems together with uncertainties inwards the MMW inquiry area, identifies tasks for futurity studies, together with discusses possible implications for evolution of exposure security criteria together with guidelines.
Ramundo-Orlando A. Effects of millimeter waves radiations on jail cellular telephone membrane - Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 brief review. Journal of Infrared, Millimeter, together with Terahertz Waves. 2010; 31(12):1400–1411.
Abstract
The millimeter waves (MMW) share of the electromagnetic spectrum, extending from xxx to 300 GHz inwards damage of frequency (corresponding to wavelengths from 10 mm to 1 mm), is officially used inwards non-invasive complementary medicine inwards many Eastern European countries against a multifariousness of diseases such gastro duodenal ulcers, cardiovascular disorders, traumatism together with tumor. On the other hand, likewise technological applications inwards traffic together with armed services systems, inwards the close futurity MMW volition also bring out applications inwards high resolution together with high-speed wireless communication technology. This has led to restoring involvement inwards inquiry on MMW induced biological effects. In this review emphasis has been given to the MMW-induced effects on jail cellular telephone membranes that are considered the major target for the interaction betwixt MMW together with biological systems.
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Ryan KL, D'Andrea JA, Jauchem JR, Mason PA. Radio frequency radiations of millimeter moving ridge length: potential occupational security issues relating to surface heating. Health Phys. 2000; 78(2):170-81.
Abstract
Currently, applied scientific discipline is beingness developed that makes occupation of the millimeter moving ridge (MMW) attain (30-300 GHz) of the radio frequency share of the electromagnetic spectrum. As to a greater extent than together with to a greater extent than systems come upwards on describe together with are used inwards everyday applications, the possibility of inadvertent exposure of personnel to MMWs increases. To date, at that topographic point has been no published give-and-take regarding the wellness effects of MMWs; this review attempts to fill upwards that void. Because of the shallow depth of penetration, the unloose energy and, therefore, estrus associated amongst MMWs volition live deposited inside the foremost 1-2 mm of human skin. MMWs convey been used inwards states of the onetime Soviet Union to render therapeutic do goodness inwards a number of various affliction states, including peel disorders, gastric ulcers, see affliction together with cancer. Conversely, the possibility exists that hazards mightiness live associated amongst accidental overexposure to MMWs. This review attempts to critically analyze the likelihood of such astute effects every bit give the sack together with oculus damage, every bit good every bit potential long-term effects, including cancer.
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Soghomonyan D, Trchounian K, Trchounian A. Millimeter waves or extremely high frequency electromagnetic fields inwards the environment: what are their effects on bacteria? Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2016; 100(11):4761-71. doi: 10.1007/s00253-016-7538-0.
Abstract
Millimeter waves (MMW) or electromagnetic fields of extremely high frequencies at depression intensity is a novel environmental factor, the grade of which is increased every bit applied scientific discipline advance. It is of involvement that bacteria together with other cells mightiness communicate amongst each other yesteryear electromagnetic land of sub-extremely high frequency range. These MMW affected Escherichia coli together with many other bacteria, mainly depressing their growth together with changing properties together with activity. These effects were non-thermal together with depended on dissimilar factors. The pregnant cellular targets for MMW effects could live water, jail cellular telephone plasma membrane, together with genome. The model for the MMW interaction amongst bacteria is suggested; a role of the membrane-associated proton FOF1-ATPase, primal enzyme of bioenergetic relevance, is proposed. The consequences of MMW interaction amongst bacteria are the changes inwards their sensitivity to dissimilar biologically active chemicals, including antibiotics. Novel information on MMW effects on bacteria together with their sensitivity to dissimilar antibiotics are presented together with discussed; the combined activity of MMW together with antibiotics resulted amongst to a greater extent than strong effects. These effects are of significance for agreement changed metabolic pathways together with distinguish role of bacteria inwards environment; they mightiness live leading to antibiotic resistance inwards bacteria. The effects mightiness convey applications inwards the evolution of technique, therapeutic practices, together with nutrient protection technology.
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Torgomyan H, Trchounian A. Bactericidal effects of low-intensity extremely high frequency electromagnetic field: an overview amongst phenomenon, mechanisms, targets together with consequences. Crit Rev Microbiol. 2013; 39(1):102-11.
Abstract
Low-intensity electromagnetic land (EMF) of extremely high frequencies is a widespread environmental factor. This land is used inwards telecommunication systems, therapeutic practices together with nutrient protection. Particularly, inwards medicine together with nutrient industries EMF is used for its bactericidal effects. The pregnant targets of cellular mechanisms for EMF effects at resonant frequencies inwards bacteria could live H2O (H2O), jail cellular telephone membrane together with genome. The changes inwards H2O cluster construction together with properties mightiness live leading to increment of chemic activity or hydration of proteins together with other cellular structures. These effects are probable to live specific together with long-term. Moreover, jail cellular telephone membrane amongst its surface characteristics, pith carry together with energy-conversing processes is also altered. Then, the genome is affected because the conformational changes inwards deoxyribonucleic acid together with the transition of bacterial pro-phages from lysogenic to lytic province convey been detected. The consequences for EMF interaction amongst bacteria are the changes inwards their sensitivity to dissimilar chemicals, including antibiotics. These effects are of import to empathize distinguishing role of bacteria inwards environment, leading to changed metabolic pathways inwards bacteria together with their antibiotic resistance. This EMF may also touching the cell-to-cell interactions inwards bacterial populations, since bacteria mightiness interact amongst each other through EMF of sub-extremely high frequency range.
Recent Millimeter Wave Studies
(Updated: August 7, 2017)
(Updated: August 7, 2017)
Foster KR, Ziskin MC, Balzano Q. Thermal Response of Human Skin to Microwave Energy: Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 Critical Review. Health Phys. 2016; 111(6):528-541. (Note: This piece of work was sponsored yesteryear the Mobile Manufacturers Forum. The authors province that MMF had no command over the contents.) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27798477
Gandhi OP, Riazi A. Absorption of millimeter waves yesteryear human beings together with its biological implications. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory together with Techniques. MTT-34(2):228-235. 1986. http://bit.ly/2oS3rKD
Haas AJ, Le Page Y, Zhadobov M, Sauleau R, Le Dréan Y. Effects of 60-GHz millimeter waves on neurite outgrowth inwards PC12 cells using high-content screening. Neurosci Lett. 2016 April 8;618:58-65. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26921450
Haas AJ, Le Page Y, Zhadobov M, Sauleau R, Le Dréan Y. Effects of 60-GHz millimeter waves on neurite outgrowth inwards PC12 cells using high-content screening. Neurosci Lett. 2016 April 8;618:58-65. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26921450
Haas AJ, Le Page Y, Zhadobov M, Sauleau R, Dréan YL, Saligaut C. Effect of astute millimeter moving ridge exposure on dopamine metabolism of NGF-treated PC12 cells. J Radiat Res. 2017 February 24:1-7. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28339776
Hovnanyan K, Kalantaryan V, Trchounian A. The distinguishing effects of depression intensity electromagnetic radiations of dissimilar extremely high frequences on Enterococcus hirae: growth charge per unit of measurement inhibition together with scanning electron microscopy analysis. Lett Appl Microbiol. 2017. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28609553
Koyama S, Narita E, Shimizu Y, Suzuki Y, Shiina T, Taki M, Shinohara N, Miyakoshi J.Effects of Long-Term Exposure to lx GHz Millimeter-Wavelength Radiation on the Genotoxicity together with Heat Shock Protein (Hsp) Expression of Cells Derived from Human Eye. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2016 Aug 8;13(8). pii: E802. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27509516
Sivachenko IB, Medvedev DS, Molodtsova ID, Panteleev SS, Sokolov AY, Lyubashina OA. Effects of Millimeter-Wave Electromagnetic Radiation on the Experimental Model of Migraine. Bull Exp Biol Med. 2016 Feb;160(4):425-8. doi: 10.1007/s10517-016-3187-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26899844
5G Wireless Technology: Millimeter Moving Ridge Wellness Effects
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